ANDREJ KOTLJARCHUK In the Shadows of Poland and Russia The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the mid-17th Century. SÖDERTÖRN DOCTORAL DISSERTATIONS 4 In the Shadows of Poland and Russia The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the mid-17th Century Andrej Kotljarchuk Södertörns högskola 2006 Södertörns högskola S-141 89 Huddinge 2006 ISBN 91-89315-63-4 Södertörn Doctoral Dissertations: 4 ISSN 1652-7399 Södertörn Studies in History: 3 ISSN 1653-2147 Cover illustration: Map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Fragment. Tomasz Makowski. Amsterdam. 1613. To the memory of the Minsk historical school liquidated during the Soviet Communistic terror of 1930-1940 Dr. Lean Babrovic Dr. Andrej Burdziejka Prof. Alaksandar Cvikievic Prof. Paval Charlampovic Prof. Zmicier Dauhiala Prof. Vasil Druzczyc Dr. Ihnat Dvarczanin Dr. Anton Hrynievic Prof. Usievalad Ihnatouski Dr. Mikalaj Kaspiarovic Dr. Vaclau Lastouski Dr. Mikalaj Laudanski Dr. Siarhiej Mialieszka Prof. Mikalaj Szczakacichin Dr. Alhierd Szlubski Dr. Chviedar Zabiella Contents List of maps ................................................................................................. vii List of figures.................................................................................................ix Abbreviations.................................................................................................xi Acknowledgements..................................................................................... xiii 1 Introduction ................................................................................................1 1.1 Foreword .............................................................................................1 1.2 On practical matters ............................................................................4 1.3 Theoretical Framework, Choice of Method and Aims of the Thesis ..5 1.4 Previous research ................................................................................9 1.5 Presentation of sources......................................................................22 2 Separatism and policy of Poland ..............................................................27 2.1 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the union of Lublin .................27 2.2 The Radziwiáá faction: Protestant Unity and Counter-Reformation..45 2.3 Commercial aspects of Lithuanian-Swedish relations ......................61 2.4 Relations between Sweden and the GDL..........................................67 2.5 Contacts between the Protestants of Lithuania and Sweden .............76 2.6 The Radziwiáá faction and Swedish geopolitics ................................80 2.7 Conclusions.......................................................................................87 3 Forward Looking Security: Sweden’s Approach .....................................91 3.1 The Declaration of Kơdainiai, August 17, 1655................................91 3.2 The Birth of the Sweden-Lithuania federation: the Union of Kơdainiai, October 20 1655 ...........................................................121 3.3 The Role of the KU in changing the balance of power in the region: coverage of Union in Europe .........................................................138 3.4 Swedish Lithuania and its government ...........................................143 3.5 The Anti–Swedish uprising in Samogitia and decline of the Kơdainiai Union .............................................................................................161 3.5.1 Motives behind the uprising and its first stage........................161 3.5.2 The Swedish ”Drang nach Samogitia”....................................165 3.5.3 The Jesuits and Muscovy ........................................................168 3.5.4 From Rebellion to Chaos and Civil War .................................174 v 3.6 The Samogitian Entrance and Exit from Swedish Protection .........178 3.7 Conclusions.....................................................................................182 4 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania as a contested territory..........................185 4.1 Paradoxes of War: Three Lithuanian Dukes and One Hetman .......185 4.2 The Importance of Russian Lithuania to the Swedish–Russian conflict ...........................................................................................193 4.2.1 Negotiations between Russia and the Lithuanian nobility ......200 4.2.2 The Role of the Lithuanian nobility at the start of the Russian– Swedish war.......................................................................................209 4.3 Radziwiáá’s Lithuania: the Compact of Radnot and the 1657 siege of Brest...............................................................................................214 4.4 The Ukrainian – Russian conflict over Belarus ..............................236 4.5 The Issue of Belarus and Lithuania in Swedish–Ukrainian relations ... ..................................................................................................243 4.6 Ukrainian attempts to unite the Pinsk district .................................252 4.7 The Place of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Swedish diplomacy, 1658–1661...................................................................257 4.8 Conclusions.....................................................................................264 5 General Conclusions...............................................................................269 5.1 The post-war crisis in the GDL ........................................................269 5.2 The Exile and Decline of Protestantism...........................................272 5.3 The post-war identity of the GDL nobility.......................................279 5.4 The European crisis: The case of the GDL ......................................283 5.5 Lithuania and Sweden after the European Crisis .............................287 Maps............................................................................................................291 Figures ........................................................................................................297 Appendices..................................................................................................313 Bibliography ...............................................................................................325 Unpublished sources ..............................................................................325 Published sources ...................................................................................326 Literature ................................................................................................330 Unpublished PhD dissertations and articles ...........................................345 vi List of maps Map 1. Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its administrative, geographical and religious divisions, 1654-1667 ................................................... 292-293 Map 2. Swedish military operations and zones of control in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1655-1657.............................................................. 294-295 vii List of figures Figure 1. Text of the Kơdainiai Union between Lithuania and Sweden. 1655. Original. F. 1. RA...............................................................................297 Figure 2. Swedish order of “the name of Jesus”. Award from Karl X Gustav to Janusz Radziwiáá. Livrustkammaren (Royal Armoury of Sweden). ............................................................................................................298 Figure 3. Swedes enter Kơdainiai. Józef Brandt. 1899...............................299 Figure 4. Kơdainiai. The view on the town. Napoleon Orda. 1875............299 Figure 5. The map of the Kaunas district and southern Samogitia. 1656. Georg von Schwengeln. RA...............................................................300 Figure 6. Plan of Hrodna. 1655. KA. Sveriges krig, 05:35. First publication. ............................................................................................................301 Figure 7. Parade of the Swedish-Transylvanian-Cossack coalition forces led by Karl X Gustav and György II Rákóczi. 1657. Erik Dahlberg. KA. Historiska planscher 1657. No. 5. ......................................................302 Figure 8. Plan of Brest. 1657. Erik Dahlberg. KB. Photo by Marie Persson. First publication. ................................................................................303 Figure 9. Panorama of Brest. 1657. Erik Dahlberg. KB. Photo by Marie Persson. First publication. ..................................................................304 Figure 10. The bell. A gift from the Swedish Lithuanian Society to the Lutheran Church of Kơdainiai to the memory of the 1655 Union. 1929. Ladled out by Bergholtz Klockgjuteri AB in Stockholm. Photo by Vydas Beþelis.....................................................................................305 Figure 11. Monument of Janusz Radziwill in Kơdainiai. 2005. Julius Urbanaviþius. .....................................................................................305 Figure 12. Jan Kazimierz Vasa. King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. 1660. Unknown painter.....................................................306 Figure 13. Janusz Radziwiáá. Grand Hetman of Lithuania, Palatine of Vilnius and Duke of Biržai. 1652. Unknown painter. National Art Museum of Belarus. Fragment. .............................................................................306 Figure 14. Bogusáaw