This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-22,112 COOKE, Madeline Anna, 1924- A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD NATIVE SPEAKERS OF SPANISH. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1969 Language and Literature, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan © Copyright by Madeline Anna Oooke 19701 A STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD NATIVE SPEAKERS OF SPANISH DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Madeline Anna Cooke, B.Sc.t M.A. *#*### The Ohio State University 1969 Approved by /P. Adviser Department of Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mil graclas to my adviser, Dr. Edward D. 'Allen, for consistently removing rather than creating obstacles; to Dr. William L. Libby, Jr. for guiding me through the new world of test development; and to Dr. Erika E. Bourgulgnon for helping me see the old world in new ways. This study could never have materialized without the cooperation of many people at Valley Forge High School. My principal, Mr. David M. Smith, not only allowed the tests to be administered, but also arranged a less-demanding teaching schedule for me. Colleagues enthusiastically offered their classes for a variety of testing purposes. The tests were printed with the help of teachers in both the commercial and graphic arts departments. I owe a special debt of gratitude to my own wonderful students, who served as unsuspecting—I hope—subjects. I also wish proudly to acknowledge the role played by my father, Herbert Oooke, who gave up hours of his "bor­ rowed time" to assist in some of the scoring. li VITA December 6, 1924 Bom - Lorain, Ohio 1946 B.Sc. in Ed., The Ohio State Univer­ sity, Columbus, Ohio 1946-1949. Teacher of Spanish, Latin, and English, Bellevue, Ohio 1949-1951. Graduate Assistant, Mexico City College, Mexioo (now called University of the Americas) 1951 M.A. in Spanish, Mexico City College 1951-1952. Teacher of Spanish, University High School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 1952-1954. Teacher of Spanish and- Latin, Wayzata, Minnesota 1955- .... Teacher of Spanish, Parma, Ohio 1959-1965. System-wide Chairman of Foreign Lan­ guage Department, Parma City Schools I960 NDEA Summer Institute, Level I, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 1964 NDEA Summer Institute, Level II, Quito, Ecuador, Organized by The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1965-1966. „ Sabbatical leave. Doctoral studies at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio iii FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Foreign Language Education Studies in Foreign Language Education. Professors Edward D. Allen and Paul Pimsleur Studies in Anthropology. Professors Erika E. Bourguignon and Robert K. Dentan Studies in Curriculum and Supervision. Professors Alexander Frazier, Jack Frymier, and Paul R. Klohr Studies in Linguistics. Professors Charles J. Fillmore, D. Terence Langendoen, and Catherine A. Callaghan lv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..... 11 VITA ill LIST OF TABLES . vii INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I. THE PROBLEM 3 A Review of the Literature of Foreign Language and Attitude The Problem, the Hypothesis, and Objec­ tives of the Study Procedures Summary II. ATTITUDE AND ATTITUDE RESEARCH 27 Definitions of Attitude Origins of Attitudes Attitude Change in Theory Attitude Change in Practice The Relationship of Attitude to Behavior Problems of Attitude Measurement Conclusion III. TECHNIQUES USED TO DEVELOP MORE POSITIVE .. - ATTITUDES TOWARD NATIVE SPEAKERS OF SPANISH 85 Discussion of Similarities and Differences The Family of Man Values Reading a Novel Set in Another Culture Impressions of the United States Visitors Pen Pals Reports on Countries and the Life of Their Teen-agers Films Molar Study of Puerto Rico Summary and Conclusions v TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Chapter Page 17. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ATTITUDE TESTS ... 107 Bogardus Social Distance Scale Semantic Differential Test Administration of the Tests Summary V. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ... 160 Bogardus Semantic Factor I Semantic Factor II Semantic Factor III Correlations among Seven Variables Summary and Conclusions VI. FURTHER TECHNIQUES FOR DEVELOPING MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD NATIVE SPEAKERS OF SPANISH. 184 Ideas Related to Information and Con­ cepts Ideas Related to Attitudes Summary APPENDIX 234. BIBLIOGRAPHY 242 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Distribution of Experimental and Control Classes Aooording to Sex and Grade in School . • • • 20 2. Some Personal Data on the Experimental and Control Classes 22 3. Total Scores for Each Country on the Bogardus Pretest. 114 4. Comparison of the Original Ordering of Countries on the Bogardus Pretest with Their Group Location after Scoring 116 5. Comparison of the New Ordering of Countries on the Bogardus Revised Test with Their Group Location on the Scored Pretest • • . 117 6. Chart for Measuring the Social Distance Between Categories ....... 119 7. Distance between Categories on the Bogardus Pretest 120 8. Distances between Categories on a Tentative List of Ten Categories 121 9. Numerioal Values for Categories on Three Tentative Lists 122 10. Rotated Factors of the Pretest . ._ . 133 11. Major Scales Defining the Three Factors of the Pretest 134 12. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coeffici­ ents for Test-Retest of Semantic Differen­ tial Pretest (May-June, 1967). 136 13. Factor I from the Revised Test Data 143 vii LIST OP TABLES—Continued Table Page 14. Final Factor I as Determined by Totaling the Highest Loadings from the Test Data from January and Kay, 1968 144 15. Factor II from the Revised Test Data 146 16. Final Factor II as Determined by Totaling the Highest Loadings from the Test Data from January and May, 1968 • 147 17. Factor III from the Revised Test Data .... 149 18. Final Factor III as Determined by Totaling the Highest Loadings from the Test Data from January and May, 1968. 150 19. Analysis of Covariance Test of Bogardus Post- test: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Mexico. ..... 162 20. t-Values of Oovariates of Bogardus Posttest: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Mexico . • . 163 21. Analysis of Covariance Test of Bogardus Post- test: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Argentina . .. 163 22. t-Values of Covariates of Bogardus Posttest: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Argentina. 164 23. Analysis of Covariance Test of Bogardus Posttest: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Puerto Rico 164 24. t-Values of Covariates of Bogardus Posttest: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Puerto Rico 165 25. Analysis of Covariance Test of Bogardus Posttest: Controls vs. Experlmentals for Spain 165 viii LIST OP TABLES—Oontlnued Table Page 26. t-Values of Oovarlates of Bogardus Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals for Spain . 166 27. Analysis of Covarlanoe Test of Bogardus Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries. .... ..... 166 28. t-Values of Oovarlates of Bogardus Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries. 167 29. Adjusted Means for Countries on Bogardus Posttest 167 30. Analysis of Covarianoe Test of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experi­ mentals for Mexico 168 31.. t-Values of Oovarlates of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals for Mexloo .................. 168 32. Analysis of Oovarlanoe Test of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experi­ mentals for Argentina 169 33. t-Values of Covariates of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals for Argentina. 169 34. Analysis of Oovariance Test of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experi­ mentals for Puerto Rico. ......... 170 35. t-Values of Oovarlates of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals for Puerto Rico . 170 36. Analysis of Oovariance Test of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experi­ mentals for Spain ............ 171 lx LIST OF TABLES—Continued Table Page 37. t-Values of Oovariates of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals for Spain 171 38. Analysis of Covariance Test of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries . 172 39. t-Test of Oovariates of Semantic Factor I Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries 172 AO. Adjusted Means for Countries on Semantic Factor I Posttest 173 41. Analysis of Covariance TeBt of Semantic Factor II Posttest: Controls vs. Experi­ mentals across All Four Countries 173 42. t-Test of Oovariates of Semantic Factor II Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals across All Four Countries . 174 43. Analysis of Covariance Test of Semantic Factor II Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries 174 44. t-Test of Oovariates of Semantic Factor II Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries ....... 175 45. Adjusted Means for Countries on Semantic Factor II Posttest 175 46. Analysis of Covariance Test of Semantic Fac­ tor III Posttest: Controls vs. Experi­ mentals across All Four Countries ..... 176 47. t-Test of Oovariates of Semantic Factor III Posttest: Controls vs. Experimentals across All Four Countries 176 x LIST OP TABLES—Continued Table Page 48. Analysis of Covariance Test of Semantic Factor III Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries 177 49. t-Test of Oovariates of Semantic Factor III Posttest: Combined Scores Comparing Countries . 177 50. Adjusted Means for Countries on Semantic Factor III Posttest 178 51. Correlation Matrix for Seven Variables. 178 52. Summary of Significant Correlations on Seven Variables 179 53. Pre- and Posttest Non-adjusted Mean Scores for Controls vs. Experimentals across All Countries . 181 xi INTRODUCTION The -writer believes that