CONTEXTS FOR PASTORAL CARE: ANGLO-SAXON PRIESTS AND PRIESTLY BOOKS, C. 900–1100 Gerald P. Dyson PhD University of York History March 2016 3 Abstract This thesis is an examination and analysis of the books needed by and available to Anglo-Saxon priests for the provision of pastoral care in the tenth and eleventh centuries. Anglo-Saxon priests are a group that has not previously been studied as such due to the scattered and difficult nature of the evidence. By synthesizing previous scholarly work on the secular clergy, pastoral care, and priests’ books, this thesis aims to demonstrate how priestly manuscripts can be used to inform our understanding of the practice of pastoral care in Anglo-Saxon England. In the first section of this thesis (Chapters 2–4), I will discuss the context of priestly ministry in England in the tenth and eleventh centuries before arguing that the availability of a certain set of pastoral texts prescribed for priests by early medieval bishops was vital to the provision of pastoral care. Additionally, I assert that Anglo- Saxon priests in general had access to the necessary books through means such as episcopal provision and aristocratic patronage and were sufficiently literate to use these texts. The second section (Chapters 5–7) is divided according to different types of priestly texts and through both documentary evidence and case studies of specific manuscripts, I contend that the analysis of individual priests’ books clarifies our view of pastoral provision and that these books are under-utilized resources in scholars’ attempts to better understand contemporary pastoral care. Furthermore, this thesis will expand the corpus of manuscripts thought to have been used by Anglo-Saxon priests. In particular, I will argue that London, British Library, Cotton Vespasian D. XV and Warsaw, Biblioteka Narodowa, I. 3311 (the Warsaw Lectionary) are best understood as Anglo-Saxon priestly manuscripts. 5 Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ................................................................................................................... 10 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 11 Author’s Declaration ....................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1: Introduction ................................................................................................ 15 Anglo-Saxon Priests and Their Books ......................................................................... 16 Study Parameters and Limitations ............................................................................... 19 Historiography ............................................................................................................. 21 Clergy ...................................................................................................................... 21 Pastoral Care ............................................................................................................ 24 Priests’ Books .......................................................................................................... 28 Structure of Thesis ....................................................................................................... 32 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2: Priests and Their Books in Late Anglo-Saxon England ......................... 35 Settings of Pastoral Ministry ....................................................................................... 36 Performance of the Liturgy and Wider Pastoral Ministry ........................................... 47 The Vocabulary of Books and Book Storage .............................................................. 53 6 Expectations of Priestly Books .................................................................................... 56 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 64 Chapter 3: “Ne cunnon þæt leden under-standan”: Issues of clerical literacy ........ 67 Literacy and Historiography ........................................................................................ 68 Issues of Priestly Literacy ............................................................................................ 73 The Acquisition of Literate Skills in Anglo-Saxon England ....................................... 79 Schools and Clerical Careers ....................................................................................... 86 Education in Secular Minsters ..................................................................................... 89 Other Educational Venues ........................................................................................... 94 The Use of Literate Skills in Late Anglo-Saxon England ........................................... 99 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 111 Chapter 4: Production and Provision of Books for Priests ...................................... 114 Issues of Medieval Book Production ......................................................................... 115 Scriptoria in Cathedrals and Monasteries .................................................................. 119 Royal Minsters, Minor Centers, and Unlocalized Manuscripts ................................. 125 Episcopal Provision ................................................................................................... 133 Patronage.................................................................................................................... 141 Purchase ..................................................................................................................... 147 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 154 Chapter 5: Preaching and Homiletic Books for Priests ........................................... 158 7 The Homiletic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon England ................................................... 159 Preaching and the Uses of Homilies .......................................................................... 171 Annotations and Evidence for Use ............................................................................ 176 Homiletic Composition and Circulation .................................................................... 178 Homilies in Their Manuscript Context ...................................................................... 184 The Taunton Fragment (Taunton, Somerset County Record Office, DD/SAS C/1193/77) .............................................................................................. 185 Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 85 and 86 ......................................................... 190 The Blickling Homilies (Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Library, Scheide Collection 71) ........................................................................................... 196 Conclusions................................................................................................................ 199 Chapter 6: Anglo-Saxon Priests and Their Books for the Mass and Office ........... 203 Liturgical Texts for Priests ........................................................................................ 205 Mass-Books ........................................................................................................... 205 Graduals ................................................................................................................. 207 Lectionaries ............................................................................................................ 208 Psalters ................................................................................................................... 209 Books for the Office .............................................................................................. 210 The Mass and Office in Secular Foundations ............................................................ 212 The Mass ................................................................................................................ 213 8 The Office in Secular Foundations ........................................................................ 224 Surviving Liturgical Manuscripts for Priests ............................................................. 230 The Red Book of Darley (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 422) ..................... 231 Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 41 .................................................................. 235 The Warsaw Lectionary (Warsaw, Biblioteka Narodowa, I. 3311) ...................... 239 The Junius Psalter (Oxford, Bodleian Library, Junius 27) .................................... 250 Manuscript Fragments ........................................................................................... 254 Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 256 Chapter 7: Penitentials, Manuals, and Computi