Whereabouts are We? Martin Hardie LLB (Hons), N.T.U, GCHE, Deakin Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Deakin University July, 2015 2 Whereabouts Are We? Law, Cycling, Doping and Governance in the Society of Competition Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................7 PROLOGUE – Before and after Festina ..............................................................................................13 The Festina Tour..............................................................................................................................13 An incomplete history of the origins of Cycle Sport....................................................................18 The Convicts of the Route ..............................................................................................................27 A few briefs words about the role of the Grand Tours.................................................................33 An aside on Bike Booms – now and then .....................................................................................36 Chapter One - Introduction ..................................................................................................................39 The Armstrong Era – cycling in the age of Empire ......................................................................39 A note on Terminology....................................................................................................................42 The New Way of the World..............................................................................................................52 The Law-governance Continuum...................................................................................................60 The End of Modernity?....................................................................................................................70 Chapter Summary............................................................................................................................81 Chapter Two - Operación Puerto – it’s not about the blood. ............................................................88 Operación Puerto.............................................................................................................................88 Puertas Abiertas ..............................................................................................................................96 Fuentes, Pantani and Chaba.........................................................................................................101 “We Don't Want to Know.”............................................................................................................104 Spectacle, Exception and Functionality......................................................................................111 Law, Beyond a Boundary..............................................................................................................113 Valverde 1.......................................................................................................................................119 An Italian passage .........................................................................................................................120 Valverde 2.......................................................................................................................................125 Valverde 3.......................................................................................................................................130 The Puerto Trial .............................................................................................................................136 Chapter Three – Form(s) of Law........................................................................................................150 Forms of Law - Whereabouts are we?.........................................................................................150 Weber and Formal Law .................................................................................................................154 Dicey and the Law of Constitution...............................................................................................160 Dicey’s Critique of Administrative Law .......................................................................................163 Law’s Deformalisation & the need for Speed..............................................................................172 Private Governance and the growth of arbitrative demand.......................................................181 The Police.......................................................................................................................................191 Chapter Four – A Global Apparatus of Control................................................................................201 Anti-Doping Law and Global Governance...................................................................................201 Anti-Doping Offences....................................................................................................................208 Whereabouts Surveillance............................................................................................................214 Panopticism? And the Internalisation of Control.......................................................................219 The Panopticon as Paradigm .......................................................................................................233 Beyond Panopticism .....................................................................................................................244 Biopolitical Passports...................................................................................................................255 3 Trust the Science...........................................................................................................................260 The Great Observer .......................................................................................................................267 Chapter Five – The Society of Competition......................................................................................273 Another Rule of Law (is possible)?..............................................................................................273 The Third Way!...............................................................................................................................282 The Rules of the Game..................................................................................................................288 Competition as Government.........................................................................................................298 “They are learning” .......................................................................................................................303 Sport as Governance and the Problematisation of the Individual Doper.................................306 The complementary nature of free competition and anti-doping regulation...........................308 The smear of jouissance...............................................................................................................316 The Pleasure/Performance apparatus .........................................................................................324 The athlete - an expert of the society of competition.................................................................327 Excursus: Competition, Jouissance and the non language of sport ............................................340 Chapter Six – Conclusion. .................................................................................................................349 Functionality – Exception - Spectacle .........................................................................................349 Cycling in the Age of Empire........................................................................................................376 The Athlete as a paradigm of life within Empire.........................................................................383 The Sovereign, the Kingdom and the Glory of the Wolf ............................................................388 EPILOGUE ...........................................................................................................................................396 A is for Armstrong.........................................................................................................................397 Lance 1.0 ........................................................................................................................................399 Lance 2.0 ........................................................................................................................................401 Lance 3.0 ........................................................................................................................................408 Floyd ...............................................................................................................................................410 Novitsky & USADA ........................................................................................................................416 Lance 4.0 ........................................................................................................................................423