7 Myths and misconceptions about sign language 7.1 Popular misconceptions Despite the systematic linguistic research on sign language since the late 1970s, many myths and misconceptions exist. Some of these are characterized in the following reviews of the BSL interpretation of the Queen's speech at Christmas in 1988. (We had hoped to include an excerpt of this on the video for the course but were unable to obtain permission.) (The Daily Telegraph, 27 December 1988)/ 'Since this appeared, The Daily Telegraph has published an apology for ~ts'breach of taste'. And yet there may be universals in signed languages, which help to make it possible for the users to understand one another far more quickly than users of unrelated spoken languages could understand each other. Thus a monolingual Japanese would be lost in Arkansas, as a monolingual American would be lost in rural Japan. But a deaf American can make contact relatively swiftly with his signing brothers in Japan, Russia, or Peru-he would hardly be lost at all. Signers (especially native signers) are adept at picking up, or at least understanding, other signed languages, in a way which one would never find among speakers (except, perhaps, in the most gifted). Some understanding will usually be established within minutes, accomplished mostly by gesture and mime (in which signers are extraordinarily proficient). By the end of a day, a grammarless pidgin will be established. And within three weeks, perhaps, the signer will possess a very reasonable knowledge of the other sign language, enough to allow detailed discussion on quite complex issues. There was an impressive example of this in August 1988, when the Nattonal Theatre of the Deaf visited Tokyo, and joined the Japan Theatre of the Deaf in a joint production. 'The deaf actors in the American and Japanese acting companies were soon chatting', reported David E. Sanger in the New York Times (August 19, 1988), 'and by late afternoon during one recent rehearsal it became clear they were already on each other's wavelengths'. (Sachs, 1989) However, we should not be deceived into thinking that sign languages are all the same-the need for many different sign language interpreters at international conferences for Deaf people is a sufficient indication of their diversity. Figure 3 7 Interpretation at the International Congress on the Education of the Deaf, Manchester, 1985. Professor Harlan Lane speaking with American Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language and British Sign Language interpreters (Source: courtesy of The British Deaf Association) 7.3 The iconic nature of sign language In Section 2, one of the features of language described was the arbitrary nature of the linguistic element-that there was no direct relationship between the sign and word and that which they signified. One of the arguments that has been advanced against sign languages is that the signs are not truly arbitrary, but that there is a relationship between the sign and its meaning-that signs are iconic. You will have realized from your own knowledge of BSL, or from trying to guess the meaning of signs for yourself, that a general relationship between the sign and its meaning is usually not immediately obvious, that signs are not transparent, although there are some that are. You will probably be able to guess the meaning of the signs in Figure 3.8:' Figure 3.8 The next few in Figure 3.9 you probably cannot guess precisely, but once you know what they are you can make a connection between the sign and its meaning. Figure 3.9 'The answers are given on page 53 at the end of this unit. 22 Klima and Bellugi (1979) have termed such signs translucent, where a relationship, while not transparent, can be derived between the sign and its meaning. That for a significant number of signs a relationship between the sign and its meaning can be described raises questions about the arbitrary nature of the linguistic elements of sign language. 4 Reading At th~spoint you should read or re-read the follow~ngart~cles from Reader Two-they all d~scussthe ~con~c~tyof slgn language As you read them you should make notes on the follow~ngquest~ons (a) Why should slgn language be more lconlc than spoken languages (b) How does th~sreflect the status of sign language as a language2 Art~cle6 1, 'Br~t~shS~gn Language, the Language of the Deaf Commun~ty'by Mary Brennan, Art~cle6 3, 'S~gnLanguages of Deaf People and Psychol~ngu~st~cs'by A Van Uden, Art~cle6 4, 'Tell Me Where 1s Grammar Bred2 "Cr~ticalEvaluat~on" or Another Chorus of "Come Back to M1lano"2' by W~ll~amStokoe 4 It is probably the case that a greater proportion of the linguistic elements of sign language than of spoken language can be described iconically, though the figures given in the paper by Van Uden are probably overestimates-the generally quoted figures for iconic signs are between one-third and one-half (Bellugi and Klima, 1976. ASL; Deuchar, 1984: BSL; Boyes-Braem, 1986: general). For signs that are transparent, it is less than 10 per cent (Bellugi and Klima, 1976). A number of points can be made: Because sign language is a visual-gestural language, it lends itself more easily to iconicity. However, signs can only be iconic if they lend themselves to visual representation. Some signs are iconic because of the conventional associations of meaning, thus, in BSL a sign involving the extended thumb usually has an element of 'good' in its meanmg. The iconicity is more pertinent to non-signers, particularly those learning to sign, than to native signers for whom the connections are irrelevant. The iconicity of signs is often judged on isolated signs, which are modified in use. Evidence from ASL shows that signs become less iconic over time. While signs are iconic, they are iconic in different ways m different languages. BSL, Danish Sign Language and Chinese Sign Language all have an iconic sign for 'tree' but it is different in every case (Deuchar, 1984). In focusing too closely on the iconicity of signs one can lose sight of the fact that it is the relationship of the signs to each other, and the structure of the language, which is also important, and which is discussed in the next section. 7.4 Sign language is not grammatical? Much of the earlier work on BSL was to demonstrate that it showed the properties of a language, as, before the late 1970s and the beginning of systematic research on BSL, many asserted that ~t did not. Significant among these were eminent educationalists who were resisting the use of signing in schools. The signs in general do not follow a system of rules and therefore cannot be regarded as a language. (Watson, Reader in Audiology and Education of the Deaf, 1967) The argument against the traditional sign language, that it is non- grammatical and impedes the development of correct language forms, is valid. (Reeves, Headmaster, school for the deaf, 1976) These, however, were written before the explosion of work on sign language which has increasingly demonstrated their syntax. However, there are still critics, of whom Van Uden is one of the main ones. 4 Read~ng You should now look agaln at the follow~n~two art~clesIn Reader Two Art~cle6 3, 'S~gnLanguages of Deaf People and Psycholtngu~st~cs'by A Van Uden, Art~cle6 4, 'Tell Me Where IS Grammar Bred2 "Cr~t~calEvaluat~on" or Another Chorus of "Come Back to Mllano"2' by W~lliamStokoe 4 4 Comment Us~ngthe Stokoe art~cle,and other matem from th~sun~t and Reader Two (part~culorly Art~cle6 1 by Brennan wh~chyou have already read), you should be able to develop your own arguments to support the vlew that slgn language does have its own grammar 4 7.5 Sign language is a concrete language and cannot express complex ideas? . I know thls point of view is unpopular with many people-Sign Language is not 'up to it1. Signing can cope with everyday chat, but when it's necessary to get down to accurate reporting of specific terminology, signing breaks down. It hasn't the grammar and it hasn't the vocabulary. (Firth, 1987) Pictorial thmking permits the deaf person to persist too long in a concrete sensual conception of happiness, and in doing so strengthens egocentricity. A pictorial way of thinking thus impedes an ascent to selfless love and authent~cChristianity Now I am of the opinion that this pictorial thinking is especially heightened and established through sign language . (Van Uden, 1975) 4 Actlvlty 3 Prepare a response to the assertion that slgn language can only express concrete deas Sources 1 Vldeo One Conslder the Ideas dlscussed In various conversations 2 Vldeo Two, Sequence 4 Thls shows the 1989 LASER Conference (The Language of Slgn as an Educational Resource) Some of the speakers are lecturing In BSL, others are lecturing in spoken Engllsh and are being Interpreted into BSL (on the right of the screen-dsregard the left which is Slgn Supported Engllsh lnterpretlng, to be dlscussed later] 3 Reader Two, Artlcle 1 2, 'Everyone Here Spoke Slgn Language' by Nora Groce In your readlng of this artlcle, note the number of different situations In whlch sign language was used In particular, you may wish to comment that people would swltch from spoken to sign language, and often the punch llne of a lake was In slgn language Even IF no Deaf people were present, hearlng people mlght contlnue to use slgn language IF ~t was functional, for example, across great distances or noisy settlngs For some s~tuations-for example, preaching-slgn language could sometimes seem more sultable 4 Vldeo Two, Sequence 6 Dorothy Mlles' poem In Brltish Slgn Language The English version 1s reprinted In Section 5 of thls unlt There are many other sources Several of the ortlcles In Reader One have been translated from BSL, and later videos contaln d~scuss~ons,sketches etc You will notlce that the domlnant language of all of the vldeos IS BSL 4 7.6 Sign languages are inferior to spoken languages? One of the main ways in which sign language has been seen as deficient is through comparison with spoken language.