Index A small bowel obstruction, Acute hematogenous Abdomen, blunt trauma 469–471, 474 osteomyelitis imaging bowel/mesentery imaging, See also specific disorders case studies (images), 303– 306 445–446 Acute abdomen. See Abdominal and diabetic foot, 302 case studies (images), 159, pain, acute diagnostic accuracy, 300–301 448–449 Acute afebrile symptomatic future directions, 306 costs, 442–443 seizures goals of, 299 CT, 448–450, 463 incidence, 247 imaging protocols, 303 Doppler ultrasound, 446 See also Seizures neuroimaging literature search, 299 epidemiology, 442 Acute aortic dissection MRI, 300 future directions, 450 CT angiography, 420 radionuclide bone imaging protocol, 367 imaging cost-effectiveness, 417 scintigraphy, 300 literature search, 443 imaging goals, 416–417 repeat imaging, 301–302 pathophysiology, 442 pathophysiology, 416 ultrasound, 301 retroperitonal injuries Acute appendicitis. See Acute limb ischemia, 416 imaging, 446–448 Appendicitis, acute Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, spleen/liver imaging, 445 Acute calculous cholecystitis 371–372, 374–376 types of injuries, 441–450 case studies (images), 564–565 Adrenal gland ultrasound, 450 cholescintigraphy, 506–507 blunt trauma, imaging, Abdominal aortic aneurysms costs, 505 363–364 (AAA) CT, 507 metastasis, and lung cancer, endovascular vs. surgical, epidemiology, 505 95, 96 418–419 imaging goals, 505 Alzheimer’s disease treatment, 418–419 imaging strategy, 506–507 clinical criteria, accuracy of, imaging cost-effectiveness, 417 MR 169–170 mortality and screening, cholangiopancreatography, costs, 168 417–418 507 epidemiology, 168 pathophysiology, 416 MRI, 507 genetic susceptibility, 172 stent-graft endoleaks, pathophysiology, 504–505 Alzheimer’s disease 420–421 ultrasound, 506 neuroimaging Abdominal pain, acute Acute hematogenous at-risk persons, identifying, 168 appendicitis, 468 osteomyelitis cost effectiveness, 173–174 colonic diverticulitis, 471–473 clinical signs, 301 CT, 190–191 common causes, 468 costs, 299 for disease progression, 170 costs, 469 epidemiology, 298–299 functional imaging, 171 epidemiology, 468–469 long-term effects, 298, 299, 301 goals of, 168 imaging goals, 469 medical therapy versus literature search, 169 literature search, 469 surgery, 301 MRI, 171–172 small bowel ischemia, pathogens, 300 PET, 171, 175–176 470–471, 474 pathophysiology, 298 PET FDG, 175 L.S. Medina et al. (eds.), Evidence-Based Imaging: Improving the Quality of Imaging in Patient Care, Revised Edition, 669 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7777-9, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 670 Index Alzheimer’s disease Bayes’ theorem, 12, 13, 15–16 costs, 505, 515 neuroimaging (cont.) Bias, 7, 11, 19–26, 66, 68, 92, 98, epidemiology, 505 proton MR spectroscopy 119, 219, 264, 313, 314, future directions, 524 (1HMRS), 190 338–340, 342–344, 364, 374, imaging goals, 505 SPECT, 171 405, 419, 422, 431, 432, 459, literature search, 507, 512 structural neuroimaging, 460, 470–472, 618 pathophysiology, 504–505 170–172 lead-time, 23 See also specific disorders for therapeutic efficacy, length-time, 23 Bladder 174–175 observer, 7, 22, 24 blunt trauma, imaging, 445 Analytical studies, 6 reference standard, 22, 24, disorders. See Urinary tract Aneurysms. See Abdominal aortic 340, 459 disorders aneurysms; Intercranial screening selection, 23 Blinding aneurysms selection, 11, 22–25, 66, 219, clinical studies, 6–7 Angiography 264, 342, 405, 419, 460 vs. not blinding, 22 pulmonary, 403 slippery linkage, 23 Blunt trauma See also Computed sticky diagnosis, 23 aortic rupture, 416 tomography angiography Bile duct obstruction, 503–524 thoracolumbar spine imaging, (CTA); Coronary computed tomography (CT), 363–367 angiography; Magnetic 507–517, 520, 523 See also Abdomen, blunt resonance angiography endoscopic ultrasonography, trauma; Chest, blunt (MRA) 511, 512, 514–515, 517 trauma Angioplasty and stenting, carotid epidemiology, 505 Bone metastasis stenosis, 430, 433–434 magnetic resonance from lung cancer, 95–97 Ankylosing spondylitis, cholangiopancreatography from prostate cancer, 156–159 MRI, 344 (MRCP), 507, 509–516, Bone scan. See Radionuclide bone radionuclide bone 521–524 scintigraphy scintigraphy, 303 magnetic resonance imaging Bowel SPECT, 344 (MRI), 507, 513–515, 523 blunt trauma, imaging, X-rays, 347 pathophysiology, 504–505 445–446 Anterior spinal meningocele, 370 ultrasound, 506 invagination. See Aorta Bile duct stricture, 503–524 Intussusception abdominal aortic aneurysms computed tomography (CT), ischemia. See Small bowel (AAA), 417–418 507–517, 520, 523 ischemia acute aortic dissection, 417 endoscopic retrograde obstruction. See Small bowel aortic rupture, 416 cholangiopancreatography obstruction See also specific disorders (ERCP), 509–515, 521, 523 Brain Aortic dissection. See Acute aortic endoscopic ultrasonography, atropy, 170, 172–174, 178, 201, dissection 511, 512, 514–515, 517 225, 234, 249, 251, 256 Appendicitis, acute, imaging strategy, 506–523 imaging. See Neuroimaging case studies (images), 462–464 Klatskin tumor, 515–516, 522 Brain cancer costs, 458 magnetic resonance clinical signs, 128, 130–133, CT, 458–459 cholangiopancreatography 135–138, 140, 141, 145 defined, 458 (MRCP), 507, 509–516, costs, 130, 137, 145 diagnostic accuracy, 459 521–524 epidemiology, 128–130, 132 future directions, 465 percutaneous transhepatic forms of, 128 graded compression cholangiography (PTC), pediatric cases, 129–130, 132, ultrasound, 458–460 514, 522 133, 136, 145 imaging protocol, 460 ultrasonography, 506–517, unique nature of, 128 literature search, 460 519–521, 523 Brain cancer neuroimaging pathophysiology, 458 Biliary disorders case studies (images), 129, 131, pediatric cases, 458 acute calculous cholecystitis 134–135 ultrasound, 458–460 (ACC), 505–508, 517, 519 cost effectiveness, 130, 132, Arthritis, septic. See Septic bile duct obstruction, 505, 506, 133, 136–138, 145 arthritis 508, 510–511, 515, 516, 523 CT, 130, 132–134, 137–142 bile duct stricture, 505, decision-making flowchart, 513–524 140 B choledocholithiasis, 505, diffusion-weighted imaging Back pain. See Low back pain 511–513, 517, 521, 523 (DWI), 135, 139, 142, 145 Barium, negative aspects of use, chronic calculous cholecystitis, goals of, 130 482, 485 508–509, 521 indications for, 136 Index 671 literature review, 131, 135 CT calcium scoring, 389 in high-risk patients, 360–362 MRI, 130, 132–139, 144, 145 future directions, 399 indications for, 367 PET FDG, 133, 134, 136–138 goals of, 388–389 literature search, 359 proton MR spectroscopy, literature search, 388 NEXUS prediction rule, 359 134–136, 139 MRI, 394 and unconscious patient, 365 SPECT, 133, 134, 136–138, 145 PET, 391 Cervical spine injury symptomatology criteria, 131 SPECT, 393, 394 costs, 358 tumors vs. tumor-mimicking stress echocardiography, 388 epidemiology, 358 lesions, 135 stress electrocardiography, 392 Chest, blunt trauma Brain ischemia, imaging methods, Carotid imaging chest wall imaging, 102 187–189 of asymptomatic patients, costs, 442–443 Brain metastasis 432–433 CT, 443 and headache, 265 catheter angiography (CA), CT angiography, 443 from lung cancer, 129, 137 432 definition, 442 Brain swelling, traumatic brain cost-effectiveness, 433, 436 diaphragm imaging, 444 injury imaging, 223 CT angiography, 428, 437 epidemiology, 442 Breast cancer Doppler ultrasound (DUS), goals, 443 at-risk persons, 32, 37, 63, 65, 432, 438 literature search, 443 67–69, 85, 375 goals of, 429 MRI, 444 costs, 64, 68 literature review, 431 pathophysiology, 442 epidemiology, 63 MR angiography, 431 pleura/lung imaging, 443–444 grades, 63, 69 multiple overlapping thinslab X-rays, 443 scoliosis imaging as cause, acquisition (MOTSA), 431 Children 32, 375 transcranial Doppler appendicitis, acute, 459–461 Breast cancer imaging (TCD), 434 brain cancer, 131–132 and BIRADS category 3 Carotid stenosis cervical spine imaging, 360 lesions, 71 and stroke risk, 435–436 gastrointestinal tract case studies (images), 63, 64, angioplasty and stenting, obstruction. See 66–68, 71–73 433–434 Intussusception future directions, 85 carotid endarterectomy, headache/headache goals of, 64 effectiveness, 433 neuroimaging, 268 image-guided percutaneous cerebral blood flow Ottawa knee rule, 328, 332 biopsy, 64, 71, 80 assessment, 435 seizures/seizures literature review, 64 cerebral blood volume neuroimaging, 248–250 literature search, 64 assessment, 233 sinusitis imaging, 279–281 magnetic resonance imaging complete occlusion, 431 spinal disorders. See Occult (MRI), 69, 70, 73 costs, 433, 436 spinal dysraphism; mammographic screening, 47, epidemiology, 429 Scoliosis 63–66, 68, 85 pathophysiology, 428 and stroke, 206–207 and nipple discharge, 70 Case-control studies, 111 thoracolumbar spine and radial scars, 71, 78, 80 Catheter angiography (CA), imaging, 363 ultrasound, 64, 68–69, 76 carotid imaging, 432 traumatic brain injury Cauda equina syndrome, 338 imaging, 225–229 Caudal regression syndrome, Cholecystitis. See Acute calculous C 370, 372 cholecystitis; Chronic Calcification scoring, coronary CBTRUS database, 131 calculous cholecystitis artery, 389–390 Cerebral blood flow assessment, Choledocholithiasis Calculous cholecystitis. See Acute carotid stenosis, 435 CT, 511–512 calculous cholecystitis; Cerebral blood volume endoscopic retrograde Chronic calculous assessment, carotid cholangiopancreatography cholecystitis stenosis, 233 (ERCP), 514 Canadian C-spine rule, 359, 360, Cervical spine imaging endoscopic ultrasonography, 364, 365 Canadian C-spine rule, 514–515 Cancer risk, scoliosis 359, 364 epidemiology, 495 imaging,