ENRIQUE GRAUE WIECHERS Rector ENCUENTROS2050 $30.00 LEONARDO LOMELÍ VANEGAS Secretario General Encuentros2050, Año 1, Número 4 (Abril 2017) es una publicación mensual, ALBERTO VITAL DÍAZ editada por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma Coordinador de Humanidades de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. 04510, a través de la Coordinación de Humanidades, MALENA MIJARES Presidente Carranza 162, Col. Villa Coyoacán, Coordinadora de Divulgación Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, C.P. y Publicaciones 04000, teléfono: 5554-5579 y 5554-8513 ext. DIEGO GARCÍA DEL GÁLLEGO 128. correo electrónico: revistaencuentros2050 Secretario Técnico @gmail.com, Editor responsable: María del Programa Editorial Alejandra Ordóñez Cruickshank. Certificado de Reserva de Derechos al uso Exclusivo No. 04-2017-021412463800-102, otorgado por Encuentros2050 el Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor, Certificado de Licitud de Título y Contenido MARÍA ORDÓÑEZ CRUICKSHANK No. en trámite, otorgado por la Comisión Jefa de redacción Calificadora de Publicaciones y Revistas Ilustradas de la Secretaria de Gobernación, impresa por Litográfica Ingramex, S.A. de NÚMERO 4, ABRIL DE 2017 C.V., Centeno 195, Col. Granjas Esmeralda, C.P. 09819, Delegación Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, este número se terminó de imprimir el día 24 de abril de 2017, con un tiraje de ROGELIO RANGEL 1000 ejemplares, impresión tipo offset, con Diseño gráfico papel bond de 120 gramos para los interiores y cartulina sulfatada de 250 gramos para PABLO RULFO los forros. El contenido de los artículos es Coordinador de ilustradores responsabilidad de los autores y no refleja el punto de vista de la UNAM. Se autoriza la GERARDO CASTILLO reproducción de los artículos (no así de las Ilustraciones Relaciones bilaterales imágenes) con la condición de citar la fuente y de que se respeten los derechos de autor. ONIRIA HERNÁNDEZ Ilustraciones Nuevas configuraciones Distribuída por la Coordinación de Huma- nidades, Presidente Carranza 162, Col. Villa NORA FERRARO Coyoacán, Delegación Coyoacán, Ciudad de Ilustraciones Donald Trump México, C.P. 04000. ENCUENTROS2050 The complex relationship between INTRODUCTION Mexico and the United States has been one of mutual dependence, leading to everything from the bit- terest hostility to entrepreneurial and cultural friendship. However, since our neighbor’s recent presidential elections, the ties between our two nations have been seriously affec- ted and weakened. Trump’s anti-immigrant, anti-Mexican discourse maintains Mexico and the United States in one of their worst diplomatic crises ever. So, taking a new look at the situation this has sparked is important and neces- sary. With the support of the Center for Research on Nor- th America (CISAN), we have developed this fourth issue with three of today’s pivotal crosscutting themes: bilateral relations, so intensely affected in recent months; secondly, 4 the new configurations, above all in trade, that have co- me out of Donald Trump’s election; and thirdly, Donald Trump himself. What are the implications of the Mexi- can government’s having sustained a relatively lukewarm, cautious position? How should our country respond in the face of this new president’s intemperate decisions? One thing is certain: we cannot just sit back and do nothing in the face of a unilateral, xenophobic immigration policy, nor, as some CISAN researchers say here, can we ignore our country’s own internal failings, the main causes of illegal migration to the United States. MARÍA ORDÓÑEZ CRUICKSHANK C O N T E BILATERAL RELATIONS 8 11 15 NEW COURSES TRUMP’S ANTI-IMMIGRANT TRUMP’S THREATENING FOR MEXICO AND EXECUTIVE ORDERS ADMINISTRATION: THE UNITED STATES MÓNICA VEREA A REFLECTION SILVIA NÚÑEZ GARCÍA This article analyzes the ABOUT MEXICO Given the discord bet- immigration measures ROSÍO VARGAS ween Mexico and the the new U.S. president In times of political United States, we must has taken. They reflect attacks, the author in- reframe our national their creator’s xeno- vites us to reflect about project. Once we ha- phobic vision and leave our country’s respon- ve achieved a new vi- the millions of undo- sibility in having got- sion that jibes with cumented migrants in ten to this point. What the reality of today’s his country even more does this say about our world, we will be able vulnerable than before. domestic situation? to create new links with U.S. society. 4 ENCUENTROS2050 ABRIL DE 2017 NEW CONFIGURATIONS 20 23 25 MEXICO AND CANADA MAKING AMERICA TRANSFORMATIONS IN SINCE TRUMP TOOK OFFICE GREAT AGAIN U.S. FINANCIAL MARKETS OLIVER SANTÍN PEÑA ELIZABETH GUTIÉRREZ ROMERO CLAUDIA MAYA Trump has repeatedly ques- One of the new U.S. Claudia Maya ex- tioned NAFTA, calling it the president’s campaign pro- plains how Donald worst agreement in his- mises was to return ma- Trump’s economic agen- tory. This article analyzes nufacturing jobs to the da, beyond favoring Mexico and Canada’s re- United States. This has Republican interests, actions as well as how this been one of the main will actually speed up stance affects the relations reasons he has criti- another great crisis be- of the countries involved. cized NAFTA. Will the cause of the dismantling agreement’s renegotia- of the Dodd-Frank Act. tion return these types of jobs to U.S. citizens? N T S DONALD TRUMP 30 34 37 THE UNITED STATES: ON THE YELLOW PLANET WAR ON THE ENVIRONMENT A HEADLESS STATE GRACIELA MARTÍNEZ-ZALCE EDIT ANTAL JOSÉ LUIS VALDÉS UGALDE Many have said that One of the main casual- The author explores the the team that created ties of Donald Trump’s figure of Donald Trump The Simpsons predic- political win has been and the disheartening ted Donald Trump’s the environment. His measures he took imme- presidency. Graciela statements against the diately after taking offi- Martínez-Zalce inves- theory of climate chan- ce. This has undoubtedly tigates what really ge make us ask whe- created enormous chaos happened and expla- re his environmen- in the U.S. government. Is ins the political po- tal policy will lead. it possible that this appa- sition of the creators rent disorganization could of the series, a popu- be a tactical weapon? lar icon of our time. ABRIL DE 2017 ENCUENTROS2050 5 BILATERAL RELATIONS NEW COURSES FOR MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES SILVIA NÚÑEZ GARCÍA onald Trump’s presidency will impact the United States’ rela- tionship with our country for what is today an undefined pe- riod in the future. The impacts less than two months into his term force us to face huge chal- lenges due to the multiple vital interests at stake (migration, security, jobs, trade), which represent the need to profoundly reframe our Dnational project. This should not lead us to un- derplay the ties uniting us with U.S. society as a whole, but at the same time, obliges us to be self-critical with regard to our own domestic 8 ENCUENTROS2050 ABRIL DE 2017 BILATERAL RELATIONS The cultural difference between the United States and Mexico is crisscrossed by two main languages, Spanish and English, and intense, dif- ferent national histories with their correspond- ing ethnocentric, idiosyncratic visions. In addi- tion, inequality is deepening in both countries, which rank second and third, respectively in the OECD countries on the Gini coefficient scale.1 All these factors should not have been ignored, and in the future should not continue to be ignored, if we renew the idea of building a shared future. All the actions taken in renegotiating NAFTA must be oriented to the well-being of the pub- lic, the pillar of Mexico and the United States’ democracies, and not only to very particular ac- tors like businesspersons, corporations, inves- tors, and government actors, which have con- centrated both benefits and decision-making. If we are to move ahead toward a new era of NAFTA, it will be critical for both countries to develop a creative, intelligent strategy to com- municate to their citizens the benefits in re- structuring this regulatory framework. Some ex- perts even recommend looking for a new name for the agreement, something I consider ideal for attracting the attention of a broad region- al and international audience. To do that, pay- circumstances and demands that we empha- ing special attention to the critics of the cur- size diversifying our international relations. rent agreement is a sine qua non for its analysis One problem shown over the 22 years the and future projections that would benefit our North American Free Trade Agreement (NAF- society. The emphasis on the free market and TA) has been in effect is that, despite having the lack of inclusionary criteria have sparked given rise to innumerable encounters between contradictory visions about its impact, which academics, artists, professionals, and count- President Trump has used cunningly to justify less actors from Mexican and U.S. civil soci- foreign companies’ eliminating jobs in Mexico. ety —I will forego the issue of Canada so as not Several sectors of North America have very to distract from the topic at hand—, these en- rapidly become interdependent, while in aca- counters have not been measured by a yard- demia, the advances have been only preliminary. stick that might help us deal today with the For this reason, Mexico will have to emphasize complex times we are facing. We should re- the importance of human capital as an axis for member that the numbers for economic and development. This is where the role of educa- trade variables are the ones that continue to tion and public universities becomes strategic. be underlined as important. But in this new As a result of this complex reality, a new stage stage, we should not miss the opportunity to that will deepen our social and cultural inter- identify and systematize other dimensions action with the United States is thrust upon us.