DEMO : Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark QUILEUTE BY MANUEL J. ANDRADE . CONTENTS. PAGES PREFACE 151 PHONOLOGY 154 1. Consonants 155 2. Vowels 157 3. The syllable 159 4. Duration 160 5. Accent 162 6. Phonetic structure 171 7. Phonetic processes 174 MORPHOLOGY 177 1 Initial morphemes 180 (a) Formal bases 180 (b) Reduplication and infixation 186 2. Postpositive morphemes 191 (a) Pronouns 203 (b) Modes 206 (c) Objective relations 218 (d) The passive voice 243 3. Free morphemes 245 (a) Demonstratives 246 (b) Other free morphemes 252 4. The word 254 (a) Parts of speech 255 (b) The structure of the verb 258 (c) Tense and aspect 263 (d) The signs of subordination 268 (e) The structure of composite nouns 269 5. The sentence 271 (a) Coordination 272 (b) Subordination 274 (c) Word order 278 SPECIMEN TEXT AND ANALYSIS 279 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 290 PREFACE. Quileute is spoken at present by 180 individuals at the mouth of the Quileute river, on the northwestern coast of the state of Washington. About 15 miles further south, at the mouth of the Hoh river, there survive a few members of the Hoh tribe, whose speech, according to several Quileute informants, differs only slightly from theirs. Quileute has always been affihated with Chemakum, the language once spoken in the same state near Port Townsend. The writer had the opportunity of working for a few hours with the last survivor of the Chemakum tribe, Luise Webster. A study of the material collected previously by Professor Boas^, together with the scanty data recorded on this occasion, confirms the close relationship which has been claimed for these two languages. It must be remark- ed, however, that even in the hmited information available there is a considerable proportion of unrelated words as weU as some im- portant grammatical differences. From the phonetic notes pubhshed by Professor Boas, and so far as we may judge from our brief contact with Chemakum, we may infer that the sounds of the two languages are very similar. Among the most outstanding differences, we may mention first, that the Chemakum m and n are replaced by the Quileute 6 and d, respectively. The latter sounds do not occur in Chemakum, and m, n are found in Quileute only when quoting the speech of the mythologic giantess Da's-k'iya". Secondly, the Chemakum vowels seem to be less variable than the Quileute, and the tonal characteristics of the Quileute accent do not seem to exist in Chemakum. At least, they were not found in a number of Chemakum words decidedly cognate with those which present such tonal characteristics in Quileute. Nor were such tonal features found by Professor Boas in 1890, when Luise Webster must have had a more vivid recollection of the language, as she stiU spoke it occasionally with her brother. At the time of our acquaintance, this informant had forgotten most of her language. A cursory comparison with other languages of the north Pacific coast discloses a number of significant points of contact between Quileute and the Wakashan stock. ^ I refer to his field notes, which he kindly placed at my disposal, as well as to his "Notes on the Chemakum Language," in the American Anthropolo- gist for January, 1892. I have also examined a Chemakum vocabulary collected by Dr. Livingston Farrand. 152 ANDRADE QUrLETJTB The linguistic material on which the present account is based consists of 52 myths, vocabularies and grammatical notes recorded by Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg in the summer of 1915 and in the summer and fall of 1916; and of 26 mjrths and other texts collected by the author in the summer of 1928 under the auspices of the Committee on Research in Native American Languages. The texts will be found in Volume XII of the Columbia University Contri- butions to Anthropology. About two years before going to the field, the author was given an opportunity to study Dr. Frachtenberg's texts and notes, from which the structure of the language was inferred to the extent that the material permitted. The six weeks spent in the field in 1928 were devoted mainly to the solution of certain problems which required additional information. The presence of four types of accentual phenomena distinguished by the characteristic pitch and duration of the accented vowel retarded the work considerably, for this feature, which had not been observed before, entailed a revision of all the material previously collected, as well as a close examination of the grammatical principles which had been derived therefrom. For the study of these accentual types additional material was recorded besides the 26 myths above mentioned. This amount of material proved to be insufficient for reasons which will be pointed out at the proper place. Hence the writer feels that the present account of the language is incomplete in regard to the principles which govern the changes in the position and type of accent, as well as to other facts, which a sufficient amount of text material might reveal. These limitations have been kept in mind, and con- clusions which have been reached on an insufficient number of facts wiU be presented with the proper caution. On the whole, however, one may be confident that further study would not alter the presentation of the essential structural features. This statement applies in particular to our characterization of the formatives treated under the heading of Objective Relations. The complex problem presented by these formatives was duly taken into account before going to the field, and it was kept in mind throughout the time spent there. The amount of data available on this point seems quite adequate to support our conclusions. Dr. Frachtenberg's informant was Hallie George, a half-blood Quileute who spoke Enghsh fluently. All the myths collected by the writer were dictated by Sei'xtis, one of the oldest members of the tribe who spoke no other language than Quileute. For the transla- tion of the myths given by Sei'xtis, as well as for additional text and grammatical material, I am indebted to Mr. Jack Ward, a full- blood Quileute, 45 years of age. Mr. Ward, whose Indian name, idaxe'b, may be taken as evidence of the kinship which he claims HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 153 to have with the last of the Chemakum "chiefs", Q'naxem, has an excellent command of the EngHsh language. His brother, Eli Ward, furnished some of the material collected for phonetic and grammat- ical purposes. He also had a good knowledge of English. The pronunciation of many other members of the tribe was carefully observed, and several of them were questioned to determine the prevalent articulation of sounds in which individual differences had been detected. The following abbreviations have been used; QT. refers to Quileute Texts by Manuel J. Andrade, Columbia University Con- tributions to Anthropology, Volume XII, 1931. The figures 12:2 refer to the number of the text and Une, respectively. References- to the first six texts with interhnear translation indicate the page and Hne of the Quileute text, thus, Q T. p. 2:1. I acknowledge my obhgations to the Committee on Reasearch in Native American Languages, and particularly to Professor Franz Boas for invaluable help received in various ways. Should there be any quahties worthy of note in the present study, they are to be attributed to the influence of the critical rigor which characterizes his work. New York, May 10, 1929. Manuel J. Andrade. QUILEUTE BY MANUEL J. ANDRADE PHONOLOGY. In the following description of Quileute sounds the speech of the older members of the tribe has been taken as the standard. Individ- ual differences exist, as in all languages. Moreover, some of the divergences from the standard adopted here seem to be rather prevalent and uniform among the younger generation. If this observation is accurate, the fact may be attributed either to the prevalence of bihngual individuals among the younger Quileute, or to a natural drift of the language within one generation^. For one of the most obvious differences one might be tempted to postulate a social cause. The harsh, cracking sounds of q' and CI are much softer among the young folk, who because of their fluent command of Enghsh are in more intimate contact with the white people. These sounds frequently provoke ridicule from some of the Whites upon hearing them for the first time, and even those to whom these sounds are more or less famiHar frequently mimic them in a grotesque manner when jesting with the Indians. This may exert a restraining influence upon the younger Quileute who as a rule seem to be very sensitive to ridicule and aspire to social equaUty with the Whites. Of the several phonetic variations which seem to exist between the pronunciations of these two age groups, only the most noticeable will be mentioned, for, as many phoneticians may concede, acoustic impressions are not very reliable for an accurate determination of such distinctions, particularly if they are to be observed in an unfamihar language. ^ Instances of phonetic changes that have taken place within one generation are not rare among illiterate peoples. The writer has conclusive evidence that a change from a clear Z-sound to a distinct d has taken place within 60 or 70 years in Mopan, a Mayan dialect spoken in Guatemala and in British Honduras. A similar situation was found in the village of Liinkini, state of Campeche, Mexico, where Yucatecan Maya is spoken. HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIAN LANGUAGES 155 CONSONANTS. The Quileute consonants may be tabulated as follows i^ Plosive Fricative Affricative . 156 ANDRATE QUILEUTE q'x\ The continuation of the process of glottahzation throughout the period of such articulations is particularly noticeable in the affricatives fl, t's.