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University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St. John's Road, Tyler's Green High Wycombe, Bucks, England HP10 8HR 77-10,563 LISKEVYCH, Taras Nestor, 1948- A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WOMEN'S VOLLEYBALL AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, physical Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 0 1976 TARAS NESTOR LISKEVYCH ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1 1 A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF WOMEN'S VOLLEYBALL AT the international LEVEL DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillm ent of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Taras Nestor Liskevych, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee; Approved By Dr. Daryl Siedentop Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Dr. Barbara Nelson I Advi ser Department of Physical Education (J ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to thank his adviser, Dr. Daryl Siedentop for bearing with him the las t two years. Dr. Siedentop's patience and advice were most important in the author's graduate work at Ohio State. Deep appreciation is extended to Dr. Charles Mand whose guidance and counseling was always available. Thanks is extended to Dr. Bruce Bennett whose expertise in the fie ld of comparative physical education and sport was an important in­ fluence on this study, as well as the author's education. Thanks are extended to committee members - Dr. Barbara Nelson, Dr. Anna Gorman and Dr. William Reward. Thanks are also extended to Cindy Cleveland for her meticulous work in typing the very first draft as well as this final copy of the dissertation, and to Cindy Kinman for the final proofreading. A fin al thanks is extended to B ill Peer who did the fin al leg work to get the dissertation printed and bound. n i VITA October 14, 1948 Born - Munich, Germany 1970 B.S., Biology, Loyola University, Chicago, Illin o is 1970-1971 Student of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illin o is 1972 M.S., Physical Education, George Williams College, Downers Grove, Illin o is 1973 Assistant Coach - Men's Varsity Volleyball Team, George Williams College, Downers Grove, Illin o is 1973-1974 Instructor, Physical Education Department, George Williams College, Downers Grove, Illin o is 1974 S taff Coach, USA Women's National Volleyball Team, Pasadena, Texas 1974-1975 Teaching Associate, Department of Physical Educa­ tion, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1974-1976 Men's Varsity Volleyball Coach, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975 Assistant Coach, USA Women's National Volleyball Team, Pan American Games, Mexico City PUBLICATIONS A Pictorial Analysis of Power Volleyball with Jim Coleman, Hollywood; Creative Sports Books, 1974. IV FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Professors Daryl Siedentop, Charles Mand and Bruce Bennett Minor Field: Applied Behavioral Analysis Professors Daryl Siedentop and William Reward TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS m VITA iv LIST OF TABLES v iii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 BRIEF HISTORY OF VOLLEYBALL 7 2 ORGANIZATION OF VOLLEYBALL 13 Volleyball Federations 13 Development and Levels of Volleyball 20 League Structure 29 3 NATIONAL TEAM 38 Selection Procedures 38 Age, Occupation, Marital Status and International Experience 45 National Program 48 National Coach and S ta ff gO Traveling Squads 57 4 ECONOMY 70 5 INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION 77 6 STYLES OF PLAY 85 7 FUTURE OF VOLLEYBALL IN THE UNITED STATES 96 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 108 APPENDICES I Sport Participation 114 I I Results of the Women's World Championships, Olympics and Pan American Games 115 VI Page III Countries Selected for Study 117 IV Questionnaire 118 V Cover Letter 125 VI Value of Foreign Currency 126 V II Metric Conversion Factors 127 VIII Letter to USVBA Board of Directors 128 IX Glossary of Volleyball Terms 136 BIBLIOGRAPHY 140 vn LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1 Percent of Sources of Funds for Women's National Team 71 2 Percent of Funds Used for Support of National Team 7^ 3 Percent of Sources of Funds for League 76 4 Canadian Women's International Schedule 1975-76 78 5 International Record of USSR's National Women's Team 83 6 International Record of Japanese National Women's Team 83 v m INTRODUCTION THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The game of volleyball was invented in the United States by William G. Morgan eighty-one years ago in 1895. Originally designed as just an indoor, lunch-time recreational game for businessmen, it gained only lim ited success at home during the f ir s t two decades. At this time, the game spread to the Far East and to Europe where i t be­ came a popular recreational and competitive sport. In these 80 years, volleyball has become one of the most popular sports in the world. Played by all ages at many different recreational and competitive levels, the sport is now known in virtually every corner of our globe. The main reason for its popularity is that it is relatively inexpensive, quite easy to learn, and the rules are simple. Since the inception of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) in 1947, the growth of volleyball has been significant. According to the FIVB Coaches Manual (CVA, 1975, p. 1.6) close to 120 countries belong to the FIVB. In 1957 i t was recognized as an Olympic sport by the International Olympic Committee and was f ir s t included in the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. The development of volleyball as a sport follows a pattern found in the development of other sports. As Lu (1950) stated: Introduced abroad when young and immature, i t developed under different cultures and environments, in each case formulating its own style and regulations. These styles and regulations vary from one country to another, and in some instances, even from city to c ity within the same country. (Lu, 1950, p. 2) At the present time, similar regulations are followed in almost all the countries, but the styles and the development varies from country to country. Internationally, volleyball is perhaps the best known team sport for women. Volleyball for women has closely paralleled the development of the men's game. In some countries, as compared to the men's pro­ gram, women's volleyball is much more successful internationally and is more widely accepted as a competitive and recreational a c tiv ity . The primary purpose of this investigation was to compare interna­ tional women's volleyball program in several countries. The study dealt with specific factors that have contributed to the success and/or failure of these volleyball programs in their respective countries. It is hoped that this information will further stimulate the promotion of the sport of volleyball and specifically help to establish an ongoing program in the United States. The one main hypothesis that was investigated can be stated as follows: success in international volleyball is directly correlated to one or more of the following factors: 1. broad base development of volleyball at a ll age levels; 2. development of a league structure for competition; 3. adequate amount of financial support; and 4. amount of time spent in international competition. One sub-problem was investigated: for the United States to have a successful international program, i t cannot just "carbon-copy" an existing successful program. I t must create its own unique system based on principles which are necessary for the success of any international program. The specific objectives of the study were to deal with several topics in comparing the programs in the different countries. The key topics were: 1. different levels of volleyball competition; 2. league structure - its development and mode of functioning; 3. organization of the national program; 4. finances - economic considerations; 5. relationship and interaction of the volleyball programs with the sport structure and organization in each country; 6.