Canary Islands, Tenerife: Ecology Vegetation, Flora Klaus Ammann Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey May 7, 2009, Ecology Class Reader (Mainly the abstract, including figures) Arteaga, M.A., Delgado, J.D., Otto, R., Fernandez-Palacios, J.M., & Arevalo, J.R. (2009) How do alien plants distribute along roads on oceanic islands? A case study in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Biological Invasions, 11, 4, pp 1071-1086 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Kanaren/Arteaga-Alien-Plants-Tenerife-2009.pdf General features of the Geology, Geography and Plant Geography of Tenerife Afrikanische Lage der Kanaren "by courtesy of the VEGETATION Programme, produced by VITO http://www.truecolorearth.com/tce-Canary-Islands.htm earthobservatory.nasa.gov/.../view.php?id=37515 Dust over the Canary Islands Dust over the Canary Islands http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sahara_Canary_Islands.jpg Tenerife http://www.agenergia.org/english/content selector.php?section=16 Protection areas on Tenerife http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Espacios_protegidos_Tenerife-dumb.png#file Gomera, Las Palmas, from Tenerife Aequatoriale Mondsichel der Kanaren Massentourismus: Grober Fehler: wo ist die Rösti ? Vegetation of Tenerife from Atlas Entstehung der Inselreihe der Kanaren dank Plattentektonik Bevölkerungsdichte Arid Climate compared to Bern Switzerland (below right) http://www.ips2010.es/imagenes/tenerife/cuadro2.jpg Climate diagramme of Santa Cruz de Tenerife http://home-1.tiscali.nl/~edwinsel/land/klimaat/portugal,funchal,klimaat%20(klimadiagramma.de).gif Biogeographical patterns of Tenerife Aeonium holochrysum Crassulaceae http://www.biopix.dk/Photo.asp?Language=sv&Ph otoId=54970&Photo=Gyllentakl%C3%B6k- (Aeonium-holochrysum) Figure 1 The Canary Islands (a) today and (b) at the time of the sea-level minimum of the Last Glacial (modified from Garcı´a-Talavera, 1999), and (c) in relief, showing the bathymetry of the archipelago (with the kind permission of Juan Acosta, Multibean Mapping Group, Instituto Espanol de Oceanografı´a, Madrid, Spain). Fernandez-Palacios, J.M. & Whittaker, R.J. (2008) The Canaries: an important biogeographical meeting place. Journal of Biogeography, 35, 3, pp 379-387 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Kanaren /Fernandez-Palacios-Canary-Islands- Important-2008.pdf Jorgensen, T.H. & Olesen, J.M. (2001) Adaptive radiation of island plants: evidence from Aeonium (Crassulaceae) of the Canary Islands. Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 4, 1, pp 29-42 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Kanaren/Joergensen-Adaptive-Radiation-Aeonium-2001.pdf Altitude related patterns of the vegetation of Tenerife Fernandez-Palacios, F.M. & Denicolas, J.P. (1995) ATTITUDINAL PATTERN OF VEGETATION VARIATION ON TENERIFE. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6, 2, pp 183-190 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Kanaren/Fernandez-Palacios-Altitudinal-Pattern-1995.pdf Fernandez-Palacios, F.M. & Denicolas, J.P. (1995) ATTITUDINAL PATTERN OF VEGETATION VARIATION ON TENERIFE. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6, 2, pp 183-190 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Kanaren/Fernandez-Palacios- Altitudinal-Pattern-1995.pdf Arid Vegetation on Volcanic Rocks Euphorbia balsamifera on Lava Stream Euphorbia balsamifera on Lava Stream, traces of milk sap harvesting Mass destruction of Euphorbia canariensis stands Voggenreiter, V. (1974) Geobotanische Untersuchungen an der naturlichen Vegetation der Kanareninsel Tenerife (Anhang: Vergleiche mit La Palma und Gran Canaria) als Grundlage fur den Naturschutz. Dissertationes Botanicae, 26, pp 718 http://kbd.kew.org/kbd/detailedresult.do? id=178288 Tenerife: Guimar, conflict between lava fields and settlements Ceropegia dichotoma, Asclepiadaceae Ceropegia dichotoma, Asclepiadaceae Ceropegia fusca Asclepiadaceae Cneorum pulverulentum, Cneoraceae, close to Daphne, biogeographical relationships to Carribean Islands Cneorum pulverulentum Cneorum pulverulentum as missing link between the Canary Islands and the Carribean Islands Cneorum: Karibik-Mittelmeer Rocky lava coast SW Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife Euphorbia canariensis Cyathia, Inflorescences composed of male and female flowers Tenerife http://oncampus.richmond.edu/academics/florakiuic/e/euphorbia_graminea.html Euphorbia canariensis links, Euphorbia balsamifera rechts, Tenerife Euphorbia aphylla, Tenerife Euphorbia aphylla, Tenerife Caloplaca gloriosa, lichen on lava rock, Tenerife Senecio echinatus, Asteraceae, Tenerife Periploca laevigata, Asclepiadaceae, Tenerife Dracaena draco, Dragon Tree, Icod, Tenerife Magdefrau, K. (1975) AGE OF LARGE DRACAENA SPECIMENS OF TENERIFE Age of large Dracaena draco estimated at c. 250 years (not several thousand years as once thought). Flora, 164, 4-5, pp 347-357 <Go to ISI>://WOS:A1975AX02300003 Tenerifes Mist Forests in the Clouds of the Trade Winds Laurisilva and Fayal Brezal Anaga-Range, Tenerife Anaga: Fayal Brezal, Mist Forest with Erica arborea and Myrica faya Myrica faya flowers Myrica faya fruits Laurus azorica, lots of small domatia (special glands) on lower surface Ocotea foetens Lauraceae fruits Ochotea foetens, Lauraceae, Laurisilva Tenerife, only 2 big Domatia Maytenus canariensis Celastraceae Fruits Gennaria diphylla, Orchidaceae Gomera, Fayal Brezal Sonchus ortunoi, El Cedro La Gomera Semele androgyna, Phyllokladia Semele androgyna, Phyllokladia Canarina canariensis, Campanulaceae, Gomera Asplenium hemionitis, Aspleniaceae, Laurisilva, Tenerife Adianthum reniforme Pteridophyta, Laurisilva, Tenerife Davallia canariensis Davallia canariensis Teide und Laurisilva, close: Pinus canariensis-Forests, Tenerife Vandenboschia speciosa Hymenophyllaceae, Hautfarne Laurisilva Tenerife von der Dunk, K. Tropische Hautfarne In Europa Fayal Brezal rich in lichens Erica arborea, Myrica faya und lots of Usnea- and Alectoria-sp. Picconia excelsa, Oleaceae, Laurisilva, Tenerife, Macaronesia http://www.floradecanarias.com/picconia_ excelsa.html Heberdenia excelsa http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/1aQ3o-_xpTAQV9l8PGvs3w Heberdenia canariensis Ixanthus viscosus, Gentianaceae with Laurocerasus lusitanicus Arevalo, J.R., Peraza, M.D., Alvarez, C., Bermudez, A., Delgado, J.D., Gallardo, A., & Fernandez-Palacios, J.M. (2008) Laurel forest recovery during 20 years in an abandoned firebreak in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Acta Oecologica- International Journal of Ecology, 33, 1, pp 1-9 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Invasive/Arevalo-Laurel-.Fforest-Recovery-2008.pdf Fig. 3 – Species scores and plot scores in the ordination space defined by axis I and axis II of the DCA based on species densities. Polygons enclose the plots of the different sampling periods, solid lines for 1990 plots (circles), slashed lines for 2004 plots (squares) and dotted lines for control plots (triangles) (Eigenvalues of axes I and II were 0.238 and 0.097 and the cumulative percentage of variance of both axes was 35.3%). Species names are indicated with the first pair of letters of genus and species. Dagn, Daphne gnidium; Coca, Convolvulus canariensis; Erar, Erica arborea; Ersc, Erica scoparia; Glsa, Globularia salicina; Hygr, Hypericum grandifolium; Ilca, Ilex canariensis; Last, Lavandula stoechas; Lano, Laurus novocanariensis; Myfa, Myrica faya; Ptaq, Pteridium aquilinum; Prlu, Prunus lusitanica; Ruin, Rubus inermis; Smi, Smilax spp.; Sool, Sonchus oleraceus; and Viti, Viburnum tinus ssp. rigidum. Arevalo, J.R., Peraza, M.D., Alvarez, C., Bermudez, A., Delgado, J.D., Gallardo, A., & Fernandez-Palacios, J.M. (2008) Laurel forest recovery during 20 years in an abandoned firebreak in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Acta Oecologica- International Journal of Ecology, 33, 1, pp 1-9 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Invasive/Arevalo- Laurel-.Fforest-Recovery-2008.pdf Fig. 4 – Species scores and plot scores in the ordination space defined by axis I and axis II of the DCA based on species biovolume. Polygons enclose the plots of the different sampling periods, solid lines for 1990 plots, slashed lines for 2004 plots and dotted lines for control plots (eigenvalues of axes I and II were 0.416 and 0.170 and the cumulative percentage of variance of both axes was 43.7%). Species names are indicated as in Fig. 3. Arevalo, J.R., Peraza, M.D., Alvarez, C., Bermudez, A., Delgado, J.D., Gallardo, A., & Fernandez-Palacios, J.M. (2008) Laurel forest recovery during 20 years in an abandoned firebreak in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 33, 1, pp 1-9 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/I nvasive/Arevalo-Laurel-.Fforest- Recovery-2008.pdf After 20 years of succession, we can consider that the firebreak vegetation represents an early phase of the laurel forest found in the surrounding matrix but requiring recovery of biovolume and a reduction in shrubs and forbs species. In order to accelerate succession, some imposed management can be suggested, such as the reduction of the number of basal sprouts resulting from tree coppicing in the firebreak. This would favour the development and growth of the canopy, providing more similar environmental conditions to the forest interior, increasing litter production and reducing opportunistic species richness. Furthermore, the opening of anthropogenic corridors (new roads or clearing) should be discouraged unless there are no other possible alternatives. Arevalo, J.R., Peraza, M.D., Alvarez, C., Bermudez, A., Delgado, J.D., Gallardo, A., & Fernandez-Palacios, J.M. (2008) Laurel forest recovery during 20 years in an abandoned firebreak in Tenerife, Canary Islands. Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology, 33, 1, pp 1-9 http://www.botanischergarten.ch/Invasive/Arevalo-Laurel-.Fforest-Recovery-2008.pdf