Supplemental Material Table S1. Codes assigned to each drug class and category Drug Class Code Drug Category Code Drug Category Code Control group xx Control group X Proton pump inhibitors/GI agents (does not include laxatives) i CYP3A4/5/7 CYP2B6 Opioids ii Inhibitor A Inhibitor K Anti-depressants/anxiolytics/ benzodiazepines/barbiturates iii Inducer B Inducer L Antihypertensives iv CYP2C8 UGTs PDE5 inhibitors v Inhibitor C Inhibitor M Nonopioid analgesics vi CYP2D6 Inducer N Statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors) and lipid-lowering agents vii Inhibitor D P-gp Antipsychotics viii CYP1A2 Inhibitor O Anti-epileptic drugs/anticonvulsants ix Inhibitor E MRP2 Antidiabetics x Inducer F Inhibitor P Antihistamines/anti-allergics/respiratory agents xi CYP2C9 BCRP Hormonal contraceptives xii Inhibitor G Inhibitor Q Hormonal replacement therapies xiii Inducer H OATP1B1 Steroids xiv CYP2C19 Inhibitor R Anti-infectives xv Inhibitor I OATP1B3 Inducer J Inhibitor S Table S2. Drug classes and categories assigned to each medication and number of patients receiving each medication Number Number of Drug class; of Drug class; Medication Patients category* Medication Patients category* Acarbose 1 x; X Ipratropium bromide 5 xi; X Acebutolol hydrochloride 1 iv; X Ipratropium bromide and 6 xi; X albuterol Acetaminophen 1 xi; X Irbesartan 6 iv; A,C,F,G,S Acetaminophen / chlorpheniramine / 1 xi; X Iron 10 xx; X pseudoephedrine Acetaminophen, aspirin 12 vi; A,G,P Isotretinoin 1 xx; A,C Acetylcysteine 4 xx; X Joint food 2 xx; X Acetylsalicylic acid 163 vi; G,P Ketoconazole 3 xv; A,C,F,G,J,L,M, O,R,S Aciclovir 20 xv; F Ketoprofen 2 vi; J,P Acidovert 1 i; X Ketorolac tromethamine 3 vi; X Actifed 2 xi; D Lacosamide 1 ix; J Adalimumab 1 xx; X Lactobacillus acidophilus 6 xx; X Number Number of Drug class; of Drug class; Medication Patients category* Medication Patients category* Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide 1 xx; X Lactulose 12 xx; X Ademetionine 2 xx; X Lamotrigine 7 ix; M,N Adrenal complex 1 xx; X Lansoprazole 24 i; E,Q Aktiferrin 1 xx; X Latanoprost 4 xx; X Akwa tears (Eye lubricants) 2 xx; X Latanoprost + timolol 1 xx; D Aldactazide a 1 iv; C,M,R Lecithin 1 xx; X Aldactazine 1 iv; C,M,R Leflunomide 1 xx; G Alendronate sodium 8 xx; X Lekovit ca (calcium with 15 xx; X vitamin D) Alimemazine tartrate 2 xi; X Lenoltec with codeine no 1 3 ii; M (acetaminophen, codeine, and caffeine) Aliskiren and amlodipine 1 iv; A,Q,R Lercanidipine 5 iv; X All other non-therapeutic products 2 xx; X Levetiracetam 2 ix; X Allbee with C 1 xx; X Levocarnitine 2 xx; X Allergen extracts 1 xx; X Levocetirizine 5 xi; X Allium sativum 5 xx; X Levofloxacin 3 xv; X Allopurinol 8 xx; F Levonorgestrel 3 xii; A,D,F,J,L Almotriptan 1 xx; X Levothyroxine 170 xiii; R,S Alprazolam 56 iii; A Lidocaine 2 xx; F Aluminum hydroxide and 6 i; X Linaclotide 1 xx; X magnesium carbonate Amantadine 2 xv; X Linagliptin w/metformin 1 x; O Amfetamine 1 xx; X Linoladiol hn 1 xiii; X Amino acids nos w/vitamins nos 1 xx; X Linolenic acid 1 xx; X Aminocaproic acid 1 xx; X Linum usitatissimum oil 5 xx; X Aminophylline 1 xi; X Liothyronine 4 xiii; X Aminosalicylic acid 1 xx; X Lisdexamfetamine mesilate 2 xx; X Amisulpride 1 viii; X Lisinopril 111 iv; X Amitriptyline 10 iii; D Lisinopril / 28 iv; X hydrochlorothiazide Amlodipine 94 iv; A,Q,R Lithium 3 viii; X Amlodipine besylate and olmesartan 4 iv; A,Q,R,S Loperamide 17 ii; A medoxomil Amlodipine besylate w/benazepril 6 iv; A,Q,R Loprazolam mesilate 2 iii; X Ammonium lactate 1 xx; X Loratadine 26 xi; X Amorolfine 1 xv; X Loratadine w/ pseudoephedrine 1 xi; X Amoxicillin 11 xv; X Lorazepam 60 iii; X Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid 1 xv; X Lormetazepam 6 iii; X Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine 9 xx; X Losartan 29 iv; R,S Analgesic comb 1 xx; X Losartan potassium and 11 iv; R,S hydrochlorothiazide Anovlar 1 xii; Lotrisone 2 xv; X A,D,F,J,L Antifungals for topical use 1 xv; X Lubiprostone 1 xx; X Antihistamines for topical use 1 xi; X Lutein zeaxanthin 1 xx; X Number Number of Drug class; of Drug class; Medication Patients category* Medication Patients category* Antrolin 1 iv; Lymecycline 1 xv; X A,F,O,Q,R Aqueous 1 xx; X Lysine 3 xx; X Aripiprazole 8 viii; Q Macrogol 8 xx; X Armodafinil 1 xx; B,J Magaldrate 1 i; X Ascorbic acid 74 xx; X Magnesium 36 xx; X Asenapine 2 viii; D Magnosolv (magnesium 2 xx; X granules for solution) Aspirin 2 vi; P Manganese 1 xx; X Manuka honey 1 xx; X Aspirin and caffeine 3 vi; G,P Mebeverine 2 xx; X Aspirin/butalbital 5 iii; X Meclozine 4 xx; X Atenolol 27 iv; X Medinite 4 xi; A,R Atenolol / chlorthalidone 1 iv; X Medroxyprogesterone acetate 3 xiii; X Atorvastatin 21 vii; A,Q,R,S Mefenamic acid 3 vi; F,G,M Avena sativa 4 xx; X Melatonin 24 xx; X Azapentacene polysulfonate sodium 1 xx; X Meloxicam 14 vi; X Azathioprine 1 xx; X Men's multi 1 xx; X Azelaic acid 1 xx; X Menthol w/ methyl salicylate 1 xx; X Azelastine 4 xi; Mersyndol 2 ii; A,M A,D,G,J,R Azilsartan kamedoxomil and 1 iv; X Mesalazine 4 i; R,S chlorthalidone B complex 13 xx; X Metamizole 8 vi; X Bacitracin zinc, neomycin sulfate, 1 xv; X Metaxalone 2 xx; X and polymyxin b sulfate Baclofen 5 xx; X Metformin 80 x; X Beclometasone dipropionate 21 xiv; B,Q,R,S Metformin and glipizide 1 x; R Beclomethasone + formoterol 4 xiv; B,Q,R,S Metformina + glibenclamide 3 x; A,C,G,R fumarate Benazepril 4 iv; X Methadone 19 ii; A,B,D,L,K,M,N Bendroflumethiazide 4 iv; X Methenamine hippurate 1 xv; X Benzalkonium chloride 1 ix; X Methocarbamol 6 xx; X Benzatropine mesilate 2 xx; X Methylcellulose 3 xx; X Benzodiazepine derivatives 1 iii; X Methylphenidate hydrochloride 9 xx; X Benzonatate 4 xi; X Methylprednisolone 5 xiv; A,B,I,Q Bepotastine 1 xi; X Methylsulfonylmethane 1 xx; X Berocca calcium, magnesium 1 xx; X Metipranolol 1 iv; X Betahistine 2 xx; X Metoclopramide 13 i; A,D Betamethasone 21 xiv; B,R,S Metoprolol 57 iv; X Betamethasone w/calcipotriol 1 xiv; B,R,S Metoprolol tartrate 1 iv; X Betaxolol hydrochloride 1 xx; X Metronidazole 7 xv; A,G,R,S Bethanechol chloride 1 xx; X Mianserin 2 iii; A,D Bi predonium 4 iv; X Miconazole 3 xv; A,B,D,F,G,J,L,R Number Number of Drug class; of Drug class; Medication Patients category* Medication Patients category* Biafine 1 xx; X Miconazole + hydrocortisone 1 xv; A,B,D,F,G,J,L,R Bifidobacterium infantis 3 xx; X Micropil plus 1 xii; A,D,F,J,I,L,Q,R, S Bilastine 1 xi; X Midazolam 1 iii; X Bimatoprost 5 xx; X Milnacipran hydrochloride 1 xx; X Bimatoprost, timolol 1 xx; D Mineral supplements 4 xx; X Biotin 10 xx; X Minoxidil 1 iv; X Biotone massage cream 1 xx; X Mirtazapine 12 iii; X Bisacodyl 8 xx; X Mitomycin 1 xv; S Bismuth subsalicylate 3 i; X Mometasone 16 xiv; R,S Bisoprolol 37 iv; X Mometasone furoate and 6 xiv; R,S formoterol fumarate dihydrate Bisoprolol fumarate 3 iv; X Montelukast 1 xi; E,P,R,S Boron 1 xx; X Moroctocog alfa 1 xx; X Boron w/calcium/cimicifuga 1 xx; X Morphine 15 ii; M racemosa extract/F Boron 1 xx; X Movelat analgesic cream 1 xx; X w/chromium/copper/germanium/iodi ne/manganese Bortezomib 2 xx; J Multivitamin 232 xx; X Brimonidine tartrate 1 xx; X Multivitamin with minerals 23 xx; X Brimonidine tartrate, timolol maleate 1 xx; D Mupirocin 4 xv; X Bromazepam 11 iii; X Nabumetone 1 vi; X Bronchosedal 1 xi; R Nadolol 13 iv; X Brotizolam 3 iii; X Nadroparin 1 xx; X Budesonide 8 xiv; R Naftifine hydrochloride 1 xv; X Budesonide w/formoterol fumarate 10 xiv; R Naltrexone 1 xx; X Bumetanide 1 iv; X Naphazoline 1 xx; X Bupivacaine 1 xx; X Naproxen 78 vi; M,P Buprenorphine 4 ii; Naproxen and esomeprazole 1 vi; E,J,M,P A,D,F,J,L,M magnesium Buprenorphine w/naloxone 1 ii; Narine 2 xx; X A,D,F,J,L,M Buprenorphine/naloxone 14 ii; Nasal preparations 1 xx; X A,D,F,J,L,M Bupropion 36 iii; D,L Nebivolol 22 iv; A,C,D,F,G,J,L Buspirone 5 iii; X Nepafenac 1 vi; X Butalbital w/aspirin/caffeine 1 vi; F,P Neurogrisevit 1 xx; X Caffeine 2 xx; F Nicardipine hydrochloride 2 iv; A,C,Q,R Caladryl ferric oxide red, zinc oxide, 3 xx; X Nicorandil 1 iv; X and pramoxine hydrochloride Calcifediol 1 xx; X Nicotine 13 xx; N Calcipotriol 2 xx; X Nicotinic acid 4 xx; X Calcipotriol and betamethasone 5 xx; X Nifedipine 6 iv; A,O,Q,R Number Number of Drug class; of Drug class; Medication Patients category* Medication Patients category* Calcitonin 2 xx; X Nifurtoinol 1 xv; X Calcitriol 2 xx; X Nimesulide 2 vi; X Calcium 83 xx; X Nite-time cold medicine 1 xi; X Calcium + vitamin D3 4 xx; X Nitrazepam 1 iii; X Calcium carbonate 23 i; X Nitrofurantoin 2 xv; X Calcium carbonate + vitamin D3 1 xx; X Nolotil 1 vi; X Candesartan 10 iv; R Nonacog alfa 1 xx; X Candesartan/hydrochlorothiazide 5 iv; R Nordazepam 1 iii; X Cannabis sativa 13 xx; X Norethisterone 1 xii; A,D,F,J,I,L Capiven 1 xx; X Normensal 1 xii; A,D,F,J,L Capsaicin 1 xx; X Novomix 3 x; E Captopril 2 iv; O Nystatin 1 xv; R,S Carisoprodol 11 xx; X Octocog alfa 6 xx; X Carmellose 4 xx; X Ocuvite 3 xx; X Carvedilol 13 iv; M,O Oestriol + oestradiol 2 xiii; X Cefalexin 2 xv; X Ofloxacin 1 xv; F Cefuroxime sodium 1 xv; P Olanzapine 3 viii; A,D,F Celecoxib 4 vi; C,D,F,P Olmesartan 1 iv; R,S Ceralin forte 1 xx; X Olmesartan medoxomil 10 iv; R,S Certolizumab pegol 1 xx; X Olmesartan medoxomil- 5 iv; R,S hydrochlorothiazide Cetirizine 57 xi; X Olopatadine 1 xi; X Chloramphenicol 1 xv; G,J Olopatadine hydrochloride 2 xi; X Chlorhexidine 4 xx; X Omega-3 fatty acids 6 xx; X Chlorphenamine 3 xi; D Omeprazole 145 i; F,E,G,J,Q,S Chlortalidone 3 iv; X Ondansetron 13 i; X Chlorzoxazone 1 xx; X One a day 6 xx; X Chondroitin 3 xx; X Opipramol 2 iii; X Chromium picolinate 1 xx; X Oral contraceptive nos 1 xii; X Ciclesonide 5 xiv;