qr. 4. 2018 no. 7 ISSN 2543-9839 WARSAW, POLAND, NOVEMBER 8, 2018. POLISH PRIME MINISTER MATEUSZ MORAWIECKI (R) AND US SECRETARY OF ENERGY RICK PERRY (L) DURING A MEETING IN WARSAW. ON THE SAME DAY, A LONG-TERM CONTRACT FOR THE PURCHASE OF LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) WAS SIGNED BETWEEN THE STATE-OWNED POLISH OIL AND GAS COMPANY (PGNIG SA) AND THE AMERICAN CHENIERE MARKETING INTERNATIONAL LLP. THIS CONTRACT SPANS A LENGTH OF 24 YEARS AND COVERS AROUND 40 BILLION CUBIC METERS OF GAS. THIS IS YET ANOTHER STEP FOR POLAND TO DIVERSIFY GAS SUppLIES AND DEEPEN COOPERATION WITH THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY SECURITY. © Paweł Supernak (PAP) Editorial Dear Readers, he collapse of communism and the restoration of the states previously locked behind the Iron Curtain formed a new geopolitical constellation in Central Europe. One successful attempt to take advantage of the Tsituation in the region was the launch of a new political initiative, which was expressed through an act of will to cooperate by the leaders of three countries: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. In the framework of the Visegrad Group, these states, which are naturally related by a parallel historical background, cultural commonality, and geographic location, have further been consolidated by shared objectives for the future, the most noteworthy of which is the convergence of interests in foreign policy, and the emerging cooperation in terms of economy, transport, ecology, and science. Although the most vital tasks, including the entry of the V4 countries into the structures of the North Atlantic Alliance, and then into the European Union, have been accomplished, effective teamwork has made it possible to inaugurate a sense of local community alongside each state’s own coherent cultural and social identities. The past and future of this partnership are the topics raised in our Visegrad Report, in which you will find papers by the Head of Energy and State Treasury Commission of the Polish Parliament, Maciej Małecki, Piotr Bajda, Joanna Antczak, and Aleksandra Romanowska. Another topic proposed to our readers is how Central European countries function in the European Union. In this regard, I especially recommend the article by our own Warsaw Institute 4/2018 3 Editorial expert, Professor Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse, in which he analyzes the functioning of EU institutions, and, more generally, European The integration in aspects of integration “through law” and the Warsaw problem of European constitutionalism (majority voting). Institute As the author remarks, “these instruments are considered Review problematic in light of democratic standards”. © Copyright 2018 I also recommend two historical articles. The first is by Karol Warsaw Institute, Wołek, entitled “The War after the War”, which describes the Warsaw, Poland particular circumstances in which Poland found itself as a result of Soviet aggression, despite winning the war with Germany. Editor-in-Chief Another subject described in this issue is the work Anna Karolina Piekarska of the outstanding Polish artist Józef Brandt presented [email protected] by Mariusz Klarecki in his paper, which is illustrated Associate editor with rich iconography. Rafał Zgorzelski Translations Aleksandra Tomaszewska I wish you all an enjoyable read, Proofreading Alba Editing Anna Karolina Piekarska Cover and Layout Editor-in-Chief Katarzyna Dinwebel The Warsaw Institute Review Jacek Kotela DTP and Printing www.sindruk.pl Publisher Warsaw Institute Wilcza 9, 00-538 Warsaw, Poland Public purpose co-financed by the Co-financed by the Minister of www.WarsawInstitute.org Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic Culture and National Heritage [email protected] of Poland in the competition “Cooperation from the Promotion of Culture Editorial office The Warsaw in the Field of Public Diplomacy 2018”. Fund. Institute Review Wilcza 9 00-538 Warsaw, Poland www.WarsawInstitute.Review The opinions given and the positions held in the materials published in the Ministry Warsaw Institute Review solely reflect of Foreign Aff airs the views of the authors and cannot Republic of Poland be equated with the official position of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland and Ministry of Culture and National Partner: Partner of Visegrad Report: Heritage of the Republic of Poland. ISSN 2543-9839 4 The Warsaw Institute Review CONteNTS V6ISEGRAD REPORT GEOPOLITICS49 H110ISTORY Maciej Małecki: Witold Repetowicz: Mariusz Klarecki, PhD: V4: “It’s good to be among Is Iraq set to become The Kresy: Józef Brandt friends” the future regional in search of painterly superpower? inspiration VISEGrad REPORT EASTERN REPORT Maciej Małecki Laurynas Kasčiūnas, Albert Komar 6 V4: “It’s good to be among friends” Hostile propaganda: how it affects VISEGrad REPORT 66 Lithuanian society Piotr Bajda, PhD EASTERN REPORT The Visegrad Group in the Paweł Ozdoba 10 security architecture of Europe Warsaw-Vilnius Relations VISEGrad REPORT as a Common Matter: the Polish Joanna Antczak, PhD 75 Ethnic Minority in Lithuania Expenditure on cybersecurity OPINIONS 18 of the Visegrad Group countries Krzysztof Rak VISEGrad REPORT 82 Why Destroy the Nation State? Aleksandra Romanowska V4 countries towards Russian ECONOMY 34 aggression against Ukraine Adam Stolarz Key Instruments for Financing GEOPOLITICS Innovations in Poland as Part of the Tomasz Grzegorz Grosse, PhD 88 “Entrepreneurial State” Policy 40 On Democracy in Europe HISTORY GEOPOLITICS Karol Wołek Witold Repetowicz A post-war war. The years Is Iraq set to become the future 103 of 1944–1963 in Poland 49 regional superpower? HISTORY GEOPOLITICS Mariusz Klarecki, PhD Robert Rajczyk, PhD The Kresy: Józef Brandt in search 57 The Balkan Melting Pot 110 of painterly inspiration 4/2018 5 Visegrad Report V4: “IT’S GOOD TO BE amONG FrieNDS” Maciej Małecki The Visegrad Group is proof that it is possible to create friendly ties in international politics. These ties connect Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary – the Visegrád Four (V4). The strong relationships are built on newer and older common history, a shared geographical neighborhood, vivid contacts – both social and sometimes even familial, economic cooperation – but above all, an awareness of our common interests. ommunity in interests” their disparities. It is distinguished does not mean that we by a far-reaching identity resulting from are the same. Getting rid many aspects and confirmed again of differences is not what and again in the context of new challenges. “it is allC about. The point is that the things This has been proven against the backdrop in common between these countries with of (not necessarily) benevolent pressure regional roots are more significant than of various international players. 6 The Warsaw Institute Review V4: “It’s good to be among friends” CHAIRMAN OF THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE FOR ENERGY AND THE STATE TREASURY AND MEMBER OF THE POLISH Parliament maciej małecki. © Warsaw Institute© Warsaw For Poland, the V4 is an invariably important framework for conducting regional policy and realizing the interests The point is that the things of the Central European region on the more general, global arena. The creation in common between these of the group and the development of cooperation within its framework is countries with regional regarded in Poland as one of the greatest political successes after 1989, in addition roots are more significant to the accession to NATO and the EU. The fact that the group has maintained than their disparities. and intensified its cooperation by passing 4/2018 7 Visegrad Report and administrative authorities. However, The Visegrad cooperation the group has weaker social, cultural and security dimensions, the construction of which is both is mainly focused on a real challenge for V4 countries political aspects – based and simultaneously a pressing need. The Visegrad Group should find on the cooperation of common areas of cooperation primarily in the field of strategic security. The state, government, and current geopolitical order is changing and the countries of the region, when administrative authorities. grouped into one organization and speaking with one voice, would have a more significant influence on the through different vicissitudes confirms international arena. that it also has significant political and practical value for Poland’s partners. The migration crisis is one aspect The current revitalization of this of security that requires the close cooperation is particularly welcome. cooperation of V4 countries. The members of the group were able to build The Visegrad cooperation is developed common ground to talk about it and through several areas and formulas. The dealing with it. The V4 countries should most visible results can be found in the continuously demand the tightening of V4 cooperation at the EU level. Common the EU’s external borders and speak with positions of the Visegrad countries on one voice in the EU against the forced crucial elements of the EU political relocation and admission mechanism. agenda – namely the future of the EU, However, they must consistently work the Multiannual Financial Framework, together to raise awareness and talk and the cohesion policy to the issue of openly about the general European artificial intelligence – are carefully noted, opinion and the reasons thereof. strengthen the position of V4 countries and facilitate the defense of common One aspect of security where they should interests. Nonetheless, the countries in the cooperate