Encyclopedia of Title IX and Sports Encyclopedia of Title IX and Sports NICOLE MITCHELL AND LISA A. ENNIS Greenwood Press Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mitchell, Nicole. Encyclopedia of Title IX and sports / Nicole Mitchell and Lisa A. Ennis. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–33587–7 (alk. paper) 1. Women athletes—Government policy—United States—Encyclopedias 2. Sex discrimination in sports—Law and legislation—United States—Encyclopedias 3. College sports—United States—Encyclopedias 4. United States. Education Amendments of 1972. Title IX I. Ennis, Lisa A., 1969– II. Title. III. Title: Encyclopedia of Title nine and sports. GV709.18.U6M58 2007 306.4'83—dc22 2007027957 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2007 by Nicole Mitchell and Lisa A. Ennis All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2007027957 ISBN-13: 978–0–313–33587–7 First published in 2007 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to everyone who has laughed in the face of ignorance and adversity and done what they were told they could not do. “Without Title IX, I'd be nowhere.” —Cheryl Miller Contents List of Entries ix List of Entries by Topic xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix List of Abbreviations xxvii Chronology xxix Encyclopedia of Title IX and Sports 1 Appendices A: Title IX Regulations 117 B: A Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate Athletics 141 C: Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part Test, 1996 164 D: Further Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance Regarding Title IX Compliance, 2003 172 E: Additional Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy: Three-Part Test—Part Three 175 Resource Guide 179 Index 195 List of Entries Abbott, Senda Berenson Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 Ackerman, Valerie B. “Val” Cohen et al. v. Brown University Acosta, Ruth Vivian Cohn, Linda Akers, Michelle Anne Commission on Opportunity in Athletics Alcott, Amy Communities for Equity v. Michigan High All-American Girls Professional School Athletic Association Baseball League Conradt, Jody Amateur Athletic Union Cook et al. v. Colgate University American Basketball League Cooper, Cynthia Lynne “Coop” Applebee, Constance Mary Katherine Association for Intercollegiate Athletics DeFrantz, Anita Luceete for Women de Varona, Donna Elizabeth Association for Women in Sports Media Didrikson Zaharias, Mildred Ella “Babe” Donovan, Anne Theresa Bancroft, Ann Baugh, Laura Zonetta Ederle, Gertrude Caroline “Trudy” Bayh, Senator Birch Evans Benoit Samuelson, Joan Favia v. Indiana University of Black Women in Sport Foundation Pennsylvania Blair, Bonnie Kathleen Ford, Gerald Rudolph Blair v. Washington State University Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Blazejowski, Carol Ann Schools Bolin, Molly “Machine Gun” Borders, Ila Game Face: What Does a Female Athelete Boucher v. Syracuse University Look Like? Brennan, Christine Garber, Mary Butcher, Susan Gera, Bernice Gibb, Roberta Cannon v. University of Chicago Gonyo v. Drake University Chalenor et al. v. University of North Grant, Christine H. B. Dakota Green, Edith Louise Starrett Chastain, Jane Grove City College v. Bell List of Entries Gunter, Sue National Collegiate Athletics Guthrie, Janet Association National Girls and Women in Haffer et al. v. Temple University Sports Day Harris Stewart, Lusia “Lucy” National Women’s Law Center Horner v. Kentucky High School Athletic National Wrestling Coaches Association Association et al. v. U.S. Department Hyman, Flora Jean “Flo” of Education Neal v. Board of Trustees of the California Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education State Universities Javits Amendment Nelson, Mariah Burton Jaynes, Betty F. North Haven Board of Education v. Bell Johnson, Mamie “Peanut” Nyad, Diana Kelley v. Board of Trustees, University Patrick, Danica Sue of Illinois Pederson v. Louisiana State University King, Billie Jean Moffitt Kremer, Andrea Roberts, Robin Krone, Julieanne Louise Roberts v. Colorado State Board of Agriculture Lieberman, Nancy Elizabeth Lopez, Nancy Marie Stone, Toni Lopiano, Donna Summitt, Patricia “Pat” Sue Head Lowrey v. Texas A&M University System dba Tarleton State Teague, Bertha Frank Ludtke, Melissa Tower Amendment Mercer v. Duke University Visser, Lesley Meyers, Ann Elizabeth Miller, Cheryl DeAnne Wade, Lily Margaret Mink, Patsy Matsu Takemoto Waldman, Suzyn “Georgie Girl” Moore, Billie Jean White, Nera Dyson Muldowney, Shirley Women’s Basketball Coaches Association National Association for Girls and Women’s Educational Equity Act Women in Sport Women’s Equity Action League National Association of Collegiate Women’s National Basketball Women Athletic Administrators Association National Coalition for Women and Women’s Sports Foundation Girls in Education Woodard, Lynette x List of Entries by Topic Court Cases Grove City College v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 Blair v. Washington State University, 740 (1984), 104 S. Ct. 1211 (1984) P.2d 1379 (Wash. 1987); Haffer et al. v. Temple University, 108 Wn.2d 558 678 F. Supp. 517, 527 E.D. Penn. Boucher v. Syracuse University, (1988) 164 F.3d 113 (2nd Cir. 1999) Horner v. Kentucky High School Athletic Cannon v. University of Chicago, Association, 43 F.3d 265 (6th Cir. 441 U.S. 677 (1979) 1994); 206 F.3d 685 (6th Cir. 2000) Chalenor et al. v. University of North Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Dakota, 291 F.3d 1042 Education, 544 U.S. 167 309 F.3d (8th Cir. 2002) 1333 (2005) Cohen et al. v. Brown University, Kelley v. Board of Trustees, University of 991 F.2d 888 (1st Cir. 1993); Illinois, 35 F.3d 265 (7th Cir. 1994), 101 F.3d 155 (1st Cir. 1996), cert. denied 513 U.S. 1128 (1995) cert. denied 520 U.S. 1186 Lowrey v. Texas A&M University dba (1997) Tarleton State Communities for Equity v. Michigan High Mercer v. Duke University, 190 F.3d 643 School Athletic Association, 192 F.R.D. (4th Cir. 1999) 568, 570 (1999) National Wrestling Coaches Association et al. Cook v. Colgate University, v. U.S. Department of Education, 366 992 F.2d 17 (2nd Cir. 1993) F. 3d 930 (D.D.C. 2004). Favia v. Indiana University of Neal v. Board of Trustees of the California Pennsylvania, 812 F. Supp. 578 W.D. State Universities, 198 F.3d 763 Pa. (1993); 7 F.3d 332 (3rd Cir. 1993) (9th Cir. 1999) Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public North Haven Board of Education v. Bell, Schools, 503 U.S. 60 (1992); 112 456 U.S. 512 (1982) S. Ct. 1028 (1992) Pederson v. Louisiana State University, Gonyo v. Drake University, 837 213 F.3d 858 (5th Cir. 2000); F. Supp. 989 SD Iowa (1993); Civil Civil No. CV 94-247-A-MI No. 4-93-70470 (IA Oct. 7, 1993) (M.D. La. 1995) List of Entries by Topic Roberts v. Colorado State Board of Bancroft, Ann Agriculture, 998 F.2d 824 (10th Cir. Baugh, Laura Zonetta 1993); cert. denied 510 U.S. 1004 Bayh, Senator Birch Evans (1993) Benoit Samuelson, Joan Blair, Bonnie Kathleen Organizations Blazejowski, Carol Ann All-American Girls Professional Bolin, Molly “Machine Gun” Baseball League Borders, Ila Amateur Athletic Union Brennan, Christine American Basketball League Butcher, Susan Association for Intercollegiate Athletics Chastain, Jane for Women Cohn, Linda Association for Women in Sports Conradt, Jody Media Cooper, Cynthia Lynne “Coop” Black Women in Sport Foundation DeFrantz, Anita Luceete Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988 de Varona, Donna Elizabeth Commission on Opportunity in Didrikson Zaharias, Mildred Ella “Babe” Athletics Donovan, Anne Theresa Javits Amendment Ederle, Gertrude Caroline “Trudy” National Association for Girls and Ford, Gerald Rudolph Women in Sport Garber, Mary National Association of Collegiate Gera, Bernice Women Athletic Administrators Gibb, Roberta National Coalition for Women and Grant, Christine H. B. Girls in Education Green, Edith Louise Starrett National Collegiate Athletics Gunter, Sue Association Guthrie, Janet National Girls and Women in Sports Harris Stewart, Lusia “Lucy” Day Hyman, Flora Jean “Flo” National Women’s Law Center Jaynes, Betty F. Tower Amendment Johnson, Mamie “Peanut” Women’s Basketball Coaches King, Billie Jean Moffitt Association Kremer, Andrea Women’s Educational Equity Act Krone, Julie Women’s Equity Action League Lieberman-Cline, Nancy Women’s National Basketball Elizabeth Association Lopez, Nancy Marie Women’s Sports Foundation Lopiano, Donna Ludtke, Melissa People Meyers, Ann Elizabeth Abbott, Senda Berenson Miller, Cheryl DeAnne Ackerman, Valerie B. “Val” Mink, Patsy Matsu Takemoto Acosta, Ruth Vivian Moore, Billie Jean Akers, Michelle Muldowney, Shirley Alcott, Amy Nelson, Mariah Burton Applebee, Constance Mary Katherine Nyad, Diana xii List of Entries by Topic Patrick, Danica Sue Visser, Lesley Roberts, Robin Wade, Lily Margaret Stone, Toni Waldman, Suzyn “Georgie Girl” Summitt, Patricia “Pat” Head White, Nera Dyson Teague, Bertha Frank Woodard, Lynette xiii Preface Both Title IX and the subsequent enforcement of Title IX are controversial and divisive issues, and the emotions and passions run especially deep in the athletic arena. Supporters of Title IX claim that the legislation