REVIEW OF THE EFFICIENCY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF COLOMBIA’S ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES Allen Blackman, Richard Morgenstern, Libardo Montealegre Murcia, and Juan Carlos García de Brigard August 2006 Review of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Colombia’s Environmental Policies A LLEN B LACKMAN, R ICHARD M ORGENSTERN, L IBARDO M ONTEALEGRE M URCIA, AND J UAN C ARLOS G ARCÍA DE B RIGARD AN RFF REPORT Review of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Colombia’s Environmental Policies SPANISH ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT AAU Autoridad Ambiental Urbana – Urban Environmental Authority ACCI Agencia Colombiana de Cooperación Internacional – The Colombian International Cooperation Agency ASOCARs Asociación de Corporaciones Autónomas Regionales de Desarrollo Sostenible y Autoridades Ambientales de Grandes Centros Urbanos –Association of Autonomous Regional Corporations, Sustainable Development Corporations and Urban Environmental Authorities AVMA Autoridad Ambiental Urbana del Area Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá – Aburrá Valley Urban Environmental Authority CAR Corporación Autónoma Regional – Regional Autonomous Corporation CDS Corporación de Desarrollo Sostenible – Sustainable Development Corporation CNE Comité Nacional de Emergencias – National Emergencies Committee CNPAD Comité Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres – National Disaster Prevention and Attention Committee COLPAD Comité Operativo Local para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres – Local Operative Disaster Prevention and Attention Committees CONPES Consejo Nacional de Política Económica y Social – National Council on Economic and Social Policy COP Pesos Colombianos – Colombian Pesos CREPAD Comité Regional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres – Regional Disaster Prevention and Attention Committees CVC Corporación del Valle del Cauca – Autonomous Regional Corporation of the Cauca Valley 2 Review of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Colombia’s Environmental Policies DADIMA Autoridad Ambiental Urbana del Distrito de Barranquilla – Barranquilla Urban Environmental Authority DAGMA Autoridad Ambiental Urbana de Cali – Cali Urban Environmental Authority DAMA Autoridad Ambiental Urbana de Santafé de Bogotá – Bogotá Urban Environmental Authority DANE Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística – National Administrative Statistics Department DGPAD Dirección General para la Atención y Prevención de Desastres – General Direction for the Attention and Prevention of Disasters DNP Departamento Nacional de Planeación – National Department of Planning FNC Fondo Nacional de Calamidades – National Calamity Fund FONAM Fondo Nacional Ambiental - National Environmental Fund IDEAM Instituto de Hidrología, Meterología y Estudios Ambientales – Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies INDERENA Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Naturales Renovables – National Institute of Natural Renewable Resources and Environment IGAC Instituto Geográfica Agustín Codazzi – Agustín Codazzi Geographic Institute IIAP Instituto de Investigaciones Ambientales del Pacifíco – Institute for Pacific Environmental Research INURBE Instituto Nacional de Vivienda de Interés Social y Reforma Urbana – National Social Housing and Urban Reform Institute INVEMAR Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras José Benito Vives de Andréis – José Benito Vives de Andréis Marine and Coastal Research Institute MAVDT Ministerio del Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial – Ministry of Environment, Housing and Territorial Development MMA Ministerio del Medio Ambiente – Ministry of Environment 3 Review of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Colombia’s Environmental Policies MVDE Ministerio de Vivienda y Desarrollo Económica – Ministry of Housing and Economic Development ONPAD Oficina Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres – National Disaster Prevention and Attention Office PAT Plan de Acción Trianual – Triennial Action Plan PGAR Plan de Gestión Ambiental Regional – Regional Environmental Management Plan PNPAD Plan Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres – National Disaster Prevention and Attention Plan POAI Plan Operativo Anual de Inversiones – Operative Annual Investment Plan POTs Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial – Land Use Plans SIA Sistema de Información Ambiental – Environmental Information System SIAC Sistema de Información Ambiental de Colombia – System of Colombian Environmental Information SINA Sistema Nacional Ambiental – National Environmental System SINCHI Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científícas – Amazon Institute of Scientific Research SNPAD Sistema Nacional para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres – National Disaster Prevention and Attention System UAESPNN Unidad Administrativa Especial del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Naturales - National Natural Parks System Special Administrative Unit 4 Review of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Colombia’s Environmental Policies Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................... 9 2. WASTE MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................... 12 2.1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. BACKGROUND AND BRIEF HISTORY.................................................................................... 13 2.2.1. Legislative Background: Before 1991 ........................................................................ 14 2.2.2. Selected national policies for solid waste disposal..................................................... 15 2.2.3. Integrated Waste Management Guidelines................................................................. 16 2.2.4. Clean Production Agreements .................................................................................... 17 2.2.5. National Development Plan 2002–2006..................................................................... 18 2.2.6. Plans for Integrated Solid Waste Management (PGIRs)............................................ 19 2.3. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM .................................................... 20 2.3.1. The Generation of Solid Waste ................................................................................... 20 2.3.2. The Management of Solid Waste................................................................................. 22 2.3.3. Hazardous and Medical Waste Management ............................................................. 26 2.3.4. Clean Production Agreements .................................................................................... 28 2.3.5. Selected Other Issues Relevant to Waste Management .............................................. 33 2.4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN COLOMBIA .............................. 35 APPENDIX 2.1. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION AND REGULATION REGARDING WASTE DISPOSAL................................................................................................................................... 38 APPENDIX 2.2: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SELECTED AREAS........................................... 46 3. AIR QUALITY........................................................................................................................ 57 3.1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 57 3.2. BACKGROUND ON AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT................................................................. 59 3.2.1. Legal Framework........................................................................................................ 59 3.2.2. Major Pollutants .........................................................................................................62 3.2.3. Air Quality Standards ................................................................................................. 63 3.2.4. Stationary Source Controls......................................................................................... 65 3.2.5. Mobile Source Controls .............................................................................................. 67 3.2.6. Fuel Subsidies ............................................................................................................. 69 3.2.7. Social and Economic Effects of Air Pollution............................................................. 73 3.3. PERFORMANCE OF THE AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM............................................ 74 3.3.1. Emissions by Pollutant................................................................................................ 74 3.3.2. Ambient Monitoring for Selected Areas...................................................................... 80 3.3.3. Daily PM10 Concentrations ....................................................................................... 84 3.3.4. Pollution Abatement Expenditures ............................................................................. 88 3.3.5. Mobile Source Policies ............................................................................................... 89 3.3.6. Fuel Quality ................................................................................................................ 93 3.3.7. Recent Developments in the Energy Sector ................................................................ 93 3.3.8. Nonpoint Sources (Sugar Cane Burning) ..................................................................