TECHNICAL GUIDANCE FOR PRISON PLANNING Technical and operational considerations based on the Nelson Mandela Rules | 2016 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR PROJECT SERVICES (UNOPS) Copenhagen, 2016 TECHNICAL GUIDANCE FOR PRISON PLANNING Technical and operational considerations based on the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules) UNITED NATIONS The Technical Guidance for Prison Planning is a living document, intended to improve the quality of design of prison infrastructure as a contributing factor to the safety, security, and dignity of detained individuals and prison staff. Please send comments on this document, highlighting gaps, omissions and areas that need more development to [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The guidance contained in this manual was developed by the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) with input from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), and Penal Reform International (PRI). The first version of the manual was reviewed at a meeting of technical, operational and human rights experts held in Copenhagen on 10-11 October 2013. In particular, UNOPS wishes to express its appreciation of contributions received from the following external experts who participated in that meeting: Isabel Hight and Andres Casal (ICRC), Lipi Chowdhury (DPKO), Philipp Meissner (UNODC), Daniel Goodreid (ARUP), and Stephen Webb (HLM Architects). The following UNOPS staff also contributed to the development of the Technical Guidance: Gordon Nuttall, Nieves Molina-Clemente, Pedja Jurisic, Will Thurbin, Elian Hirsch, Tyler Christensen, and Andrea Cunningham. This edition has been updated in 2016 to address the revised Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules). TABLE OF CONTENTS List of figures 6 Abbreviations 7 Foreword 8 General introduction 10 International legal norms and principles 11 How to use this manual 12 SECTION A General considerations in the planning of prisons 15 Introduction: building a functional prison 16 A1 Fundamentals of prison design 18 A2 Prison systems 24 A3 Overcrowding 26 A4 Human decency and dignity 27 A5 Rehabilitation and reintegration 28 A6 Phasing of prison systems 29 A7 Detention of children 30 A8 Safety and security features 31 SECTION B Prison profile 39 Introduction 40 PROF1 Prisoners 42 PROF2 Prison 46 PROF3 Operations 48 PROF4 Staff 50 PROF5 Location 51 PROF6 Other 53 Prison profile template 55 SECTION C Masterplanning 65 Introduction 66 1. Site considerations 67 2. Site planning 68 3. Design and construction phasing 71 4. Construction and management issues in the refurbishment of existing facilities 73 5. Masterplanning considerations for the design of humane prisons 75 SECTION D Spatial and service requirements 77 Introduction 78 Components index 80 1. PRISONER ACCOMMODATION 83 ACCOM1 Housing units 85 ACCOM2 Block facilities 95 ACCOM3 Block support 102 ACCOM4 Solitary confinement 109 ACCOM5 Mother and baby units (MBU) 118 2. PRISONER FACILITIES 123 FACLT1 Visits 125 FACLT2 Education 134 FACLT2.1 Education (classrooms) 137 FACLT2.2 Education (library) 140 FACLT2.3 Education (other) 143 FACLT3 Work 144 FACLT3.1 Work (workshops) 146 FACLT3.2 Work (farms) 148 FACLT4 Healthcare and hygiene 151 FACLT4.1 Healthcare facilities 153 FACLT4.2 Hygienic facilities 158 FACLT5 Food and drink 161 FACLT5.1 Food and drink (kitchen areas) 163 FACLT5.2 Food and drink (mess areas) 167 3. PRISON SUPPORT 179 SUPRT1 Security 181 SUPRT1.1 Security (prison perimeter) 184 SUPRT1.2 Security (main gate) 188 SUPRT1.3 Security (reception) 191 SUPRT1.4 Security (security department) 198 SUPRT2 Staff 202 SUPRT2.1 Staff (facilities) 203 SUPRT2.2 Staff (accommodation) 206 SUPRT3 Services infrastructure 209 SUPRT3.1 Services infrastructure (water supply and sanitation) 211 SUPRT3.2 Services infrastructure (electrical) 215 SUPRT3.3 Services infrastructure (HVAC) 216 SUPRT3.4 Services infrastructure (IT) 217 SUPRT4.1 Maintenance department 218 SUPRT4.2 Central stores 220 SUPRT5 Administration 223 SECTION E Annexures 227 ANNEXURE 1: Rapid deployment options 229 ANNEXURE 2: Common mistakes in prison design 234 ANNEXURE 3: Prison assessment templates 237 ANNEXURE 4: Mapping of spatial and service requirements 260 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Life-cycle of a prison facility 10 Figure 2: Cost of changes in the design process 17 Figure 3: Operational implications of prison design 17 Figure 4: Net vs Gross 19 Figure 5: Area definitions 20 Figure 6: Illustrative costs of prison development 21 Figure 7: Separation of categories 23 Figure 8: Role of prison in typical justice process 25 Figure 9: Layers of security * 32 Figure 10: Example of a search room-foyer 33 Figure 11: Foyer types and functions 34 Figure 12: Types of manual locking systems 35 Figure 13: Typical prison layouts, 1 47 Figure 14: Typical prison layouts, 2 68 Figure 15: Comparison of masterplan typologies 69 Figure 16: Matrix of typical layouts for prison security levels 70 Figure 17: Planning access for later construction phases 72 Figure 18: Illustration of zoning criteria (security level 2) 79 Figure 19: Separation of categories in accommodation 87 Figure 20: Functional diagram – accommodation for a high security prison 106 Figure 21: Functional diagram – accommodation for a medium security prison 107 Figure 22: Functional diagram – accommodation for a low security prison 108 Figure 23: Functional diagram – accommodation for a segregation unit 117 Figure 24: Functional diagram – accommodation for a mothers and babies unit 122 Figure 25: Minimum space requirements for accessible toilets 130 Figure 26: Functional diagram – visits area 133 Figure 27: Functional diagram – classrooms 139 Figure 28: Functional diagram – library 142 Figure 29: Functional diagram – workshop 147 Figure 30: Functional diagram – farms 150 Figure 31: Functional diagram – healthcare, consultation visit 156 Figure 32: Functional diagram – healthcare, inpatients 157 Figure 33: Functional diagram – central laundry facilities 160 Figure 34: Functional diagram – kitchen area 166 Figure 35: Functional diagram – mess area 169 Figure 36: Functional diagram – recreation facilities 174 Figure 37: Functional diagram – religious facilities 177 Figure 38: Security level and prison perimeters 185 Figure 39: Functional diagram – main gate area 190 Figure 40: Functional diagram – reception area 197 Figure 41: Functional diagram – security department 201 Figure 42: Functional diagram – staff facilities 205 Figure 43: Functional diagram – staff accommodation 208 Figure 44: Functional diagram – maintenance and central stores areas 222 Figure 45: Functional diagram – administration 226 6 ABBREVIATIONS ACPR African Charter on Prisoners’ Rights United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Bangkok Rules Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders Basic Principles Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Beijing Rules Juvenile Justice Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form Body of Principles of Detention or Imprisonment United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, CAT Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities EPRs European Prison Rules United Nations Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived Havana Rules of their Liberty IACHR Inter American Commission on Human Rights IBC International Building Code Convention for the Protection of All Persons from ICCPED Enforced Disappearance ICCPR International Convention on Civil and Political Rights ICESCR International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ICPS International Centre for Prison Studies ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross Kampala Declaration The Kampala Declaration on Prison Conditions in Africa Mandela Rules UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 2015 OAS ACHR American Convention on Human Rights Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and other OPCAT Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and PPMI the Improvement of Mental Health Care PRI Penal Reform International Principles and Best Practices Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons of the IACHR Deprived of Liberty in the Americas Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Principles on Summary Executions Extra-legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation Principles on the Investigation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Torture or Punishment SMRs UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, 1955 TB Tuberculosis United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Tokyo Rules Measures UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime UNOPS United Nations Office for Project Services WHO World Health Organization 7 FOREWORD On 17 December 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 70/175, bringing to a conclusion a four-year process of review of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (SMRs). The final negotiations took place in Cape Town, South Africa, and faced Robben Island, where Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 27 years. To honour the late President