!1 ! From English to Anglican Use: ! Liturgy, Ceremonial, and Architecture in the Church of England from 1899 to 1965 ! ! ! ! Patrick Evan McWilliams ! PhD ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! University of York History of Art ! September 2015 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !2 Abstract ! The period between 1899 and 1965 was a particularly fertile one as regards the architecture and ceremonial of the Church of England. A movement calling itself the English Use arose seeking to revive the aesthetics of the late middle ages and using the Ornaments Rubric of the Book of Common Prayer as its authority. Led by scholars such as Vernon Staley and Percy Dearmer, and supported by a host of publications, including those of the Alcuin Club, this movement brought about a transformation in the manner of performance of the ceremonies of worship according to the Prayer Book. The work of architects like Ninian Comper, Temple Moore, and Charles Nicholson and stained glass designers such as J.N.C. Bewsey contributed the appropriate visual context. Alongside this visual shift came a change in the sound-world of Anglican worship, prompted by the publication of The English Hymnal and various supplements to worship which emphasised plainchant and a revived English choral tradition. The end result of the English Use movement was to transform the worship of the Church of England, creating a distinctive approach to liturgy and art which was only eclipsed in the later 1960s when clergy such as Peter Hammond and architects such as Maguire & Murray began to question the received tradition. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !3 List of Contents Abstract 2 List of Contents 3 List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 17 Author’s Declaration 18 Introduction Part I: The English Use: Definition and Historiography 19 Section i- The Meaning of ‘English Use’ 19 Section ii- Mentioning the English Use: An Historiography 23 Section iii- The Form and Aims of this Thesis 30 ! Part II: Anglican History According to the English Use 31 Section i- Setting the Scene 31 Section ii- The English Use Account of the Reformation 36 Section iii- The English Use Appeal to the Caroline Divines 45 Section iv- The Problem of Authority 52 ! Part I: Beginnings 1899 - 1928 Chapter 1- The Magisterial English Use 55 Section i - The Ceremonial of the English Church 56 Section ii - The Parson’s Handbook and the Warham Guild 68 Section iii - Worship According to the English Use 79 ! Chapter 2- English Use Architecture 85 !4 Section i - Developing the Ideal of English Use Architecture 86 Section ii - Ninian Comper 100 Section iii - Temple Moore 109 Section iv - The English Hymnal 116 ! Part II: Growth and Decline 1928 - 1965 Chapter 3- The English Use After 1928 122 Section i - Prayer Book Revision 126 Section ii - A Directory of Ceremonial, vols. I and II 136 Section iii - Music and Ceremonial in the Parishes 149 Section iv - The Parson’s Handbook Revised 155 ! Chapter 4- English Use Architecture and Modernity 162 Section i - The Comper School 165 Section ii - Charles Nicholson et al. 176 Section iii - The Problem of Modernity 180 Section iv - Radicalism, Revolution, and the end of the Anglican Use 193 Conclusion 204 ! Appendix 1: 210 The Holy Communion according to the Book of Common Prayer (1662) with Deviations Permitted under the Alternative Services Measure (1965) !and Ceremonial Instructions following the English Use ! !List of References 338 ! !5 List of Figures ! !Chapter 1- The Magisterial English Use Figure 1.1- Screen and stalls, Colebrook, Devon (c. 1500) 233 From: Vernon Staley, The Ceremonial of the English Church. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co., Ltd., !1911. Plate I. Figure 1.2- St Agnes’, Kennington, G.G. Scott, Jr. (1874) 234 From: Ralph Adams Cram, Church Building: A Study of the Principles of Architecture in their !Relation to the Church. Boston: Small, Maynard & Company, 1914. Plate LVI. Figure 1.3- English Altar, St Wilfrid’s, Cantley, Ninian Comper (1893) 235 From: Vernon Staley, The Ceremonial of the English Church. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co., Ltd., !1911. Plate II. Figure 1.4- Rood and parclose screens, St Wilfrid’s, Cantley, Ninian Comper (1893) 236 From: Anthony Symondson and Stephen Bucknall, Sir Ninian Comper. Reading: Spire Books, !2006. Page 32. Figure 1.5- English Use vestments (1899) 237 From: Vernon Staley, The Ceremonial of the English Church. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co., Ltd., !1911. Plates X and XI. Figure 1.6- English Use vestments (1904) 238 !From: Vernon Staley, ed., Essays on Ceremonial. London: The De La More Press, 1904. Plate 8. Figure 1.7- ‘Ornaments of the Chancel and of the Ministers (Fifteenth Century)’ 239 From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook: Containing Practical Directions both for Parsons and Others as to the Management of the Parish Church and its Services According to the English !Use, as set forth in the Book of Common Prayer. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Plate 4. Figure 1.8- ‘Within the Rood Screen (Fifteenth Century)’ 240 !From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Plate 5. Figure 1.9- ‘Holy Communion (Fifteenth Century)’ 241 !From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Plate 6. Figure 1.10- English Altar, St Cyprian’s, Clarence Gate, Ninian Comper (1920s) !6 242 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevecadman/2990751497/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 1.11- English Use vestments, Warham Guild (1913) 243 !From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Plate 13. Figure 1.12- ‘A Procession Before the Eucharist’ 244 !From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Plate 17. Figure 1.13- English Use vestments (1913) 245 !From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Plate 19. ! !Chapter 2- English Use Architecture Figure 2.1- ‘And The Chancels Shall Remain As They Have Done In Times Past’ 246 !From: Percy Dearmer, The Parson’s Handbook. London: Humphrey Milford, 1913. Frontispiece. Figure 2.2- Plan of a typical English Use church (1932) 247 From: Colin Dunlop, Processions: a dissertation together with practical suggestions. London: !Humphrey Milford, 1932. Page 61. Figure 2.3- Aumbry, North Muskham, Nottinghamshire, F.E. Howard or W.H. Randoll Blacking 248 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/vitrearum/4639612267/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.4- North transept window, Holy Angels’, Hoar Cross, Burlison & Grylls (c. 1890) 249 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/amthomson/7533817884/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.5- ‘The Prayer for the State of the Church’ (1924) 250 From: The Alcuin Club. Ceremonial Pictured in Photographs. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co., Ltd., !1924. Plate X. Figure 2.6- ‘The Prayer for the State of the Church’ (2002) 251 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/vitrearum/429109128/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). !7 Figure 2.7- East window, St Wilfrid’s, Cantley, Ninian Comper (1893) 252 !Photograph taken by the author. Figure 2.8- East window, St Mary’s, Egmanton, Nottinghamshire, Ninian Comper (1894) 253 !Photograph taken by the author. Figure 2.9- Window, All Soul’s Chapel, Oxford, John Glasier of Oxford (1441) 254 Digital image. Available from http://www.cvma.ac.uk/jsp/record.do? mode=LOCATION&photodataKey=12793&sortField=WINDOW_NO&sortDirection=ASC&rows !PerPage=20&selectedPage=1&recPagePos=16 (Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.10- South chancel window, St Wilfrid’s, Cantley, Ninian Comper (1917) 255 !Photograph taken by the author. Figure 2.11- The Angelic Hierarchy, St Michael, Spurriergate, York (Fifteenth century) 256 Digital image. Available from http://www.cvma.ac.uk/jsp/record.do? mode=LOCATION&photodataKey=24582&sortField=WINDOW_NO&sortDirection=ASC&rows !PerPage=20&selectedPage=4&recPagePos=10 (Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.12- East window, St Mary’s, Low Harrogate, J.N.C. Bewsey (1919) 257 Digital image. Available from http://www.sir-walter-tapper-churches.co.uk/StMaryImgsInt.asp !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.13- ‘Plan Showing a Convenient Arrangement of the East End of a Town Church’ 258 From: Percy Dearmer, Illustrations of the Liturgy. London: A.R. Mowbray & Co., Ltd., 1912. !Unnumbered fold-out image between pp. 72-3. Figure 2.14- St Cyprian’s, Clarence Gate, London, Ninian Comper (1903) 259 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/paullew/2677619055/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.15- ‘The Christmas Mass’, Tres Riches Heures (early fifteenth century) 260 Digital image. Available from: Wikipedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ Très_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry#/media/File:Folio_158r_-_The_Christmas_Mass.jpg !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.16- Rood screen panels, St Mary’s, Egmanton, Ninian Comper (1897) 261 !Photograph taken by the author. !8 Figure 2.17- Rood screen panels, St John the Baptist, Lound, Suffolk (1910) 262 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/norfolkodyssey/2564222360/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.18- Rood screen panels, St Helen’s, Ranworth, Norfolk (fifteenth century) 263 Digital image. Available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/80161033@N00/2814112096/sizes/l !(Accessed September 21, 2015). Figure 2.19- St John the Evangelist, New Hinksey, Oxford, Ninian Comper (1898) 264 From: Anthony Symondson and Stephen Bucknall, Sir Ninian Comper. Reading: Spire Books, !2006. Page 85. Figure 2.20- An early design for St Cyprian’s, Clarence Gate 265 From: Anthony Symondson and Stephen Bucknall, Sir Ninian Comper. Reading: Spire Books, !2006. Page 89. Figure 2.21- A later design for St Cyprian’s, Clarence Gate 266 From: Margaret Richardson, ed., Architects of the Arts and Crafts Movement. London: Trefoil !Books, 1983. Plate 99. Figure 2.22- High altar and hangings, St Cyprian’s, Clarence Gate 267 !Photograph taken by the author. Figure 2.23- ‘The Preparation of the Elements’ 268 From: The Alcuin Club.