Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58336-7 - Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan Richard Tapper Index More information Index of topics agriculture, cultivation 171-2,226-7, canals 232-4,287-8,293 see irrigation see also settlement Census of Nomads (1987) 11,26,357 alachiq (Shahsevan tent) 25,68, 76,291-3, chequer-board patterns 17,139,144,275-6 333,381,387 see also alliances, tribal clusters see also tents chiefship, leadership 7-8,10-20,22-3,75, alliances 15, 113-15,120,145,242,286, 130-1,283-4,305,314,323, 335 326-7,343-8 see also chequer-board patterns, Qizilbash amirs 44-8,76 marriage, tribal clusters, tribal see also beys, elbeys coalitions, Tribal Union. cholera 83,86,161,172,206,222 Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 248, class, hierarchy 1,15-16, 58,186,189,238, 271 316,329-32,343,347 anjoman (local organizations) 244,251, tabaqeh 50, 53, 75, 81, 86 254-5 see also beyzadd, chiefship, egalitarianism dnjini (raiding parties) 244 hampa, nokdr aq-saqal clothing 288,292,332 see elders community, nomadic 14,16-19,22-4,135, 'ashayer 86, 333,342, 345, 348 174,229,291,314,317, 341-3, see il, nomadism, tribe 346-8 ashrarhq, khankhan(liq) 221-47, 284, jamahat among Shahsevan 14,26-7,135, 286-7,321, 331, 348, 363,366, 239-40,334,343 379,388 jama'at, cemaat 22, 50-1, 53-4, 65, 75, 106 banditry, raiding 95,162,170,179,222, see also tribes 233,240,242-7,250-2, 273-4, confederacy, tribal 7,13,15-18,24,45-7, 319-26 74 by Qoja-Beyli tribe 202,367-9 among Shahsevan 25,109,129-46,219, ending of 284-5,308 324,327-31,334,343-8 inMoghan 102-3,117,157,190,192, conscription 288,305 202,207-9,212,233 Constitution, Constitutional Revolution raiding parties 244-6,252,271,276 218,237,248-82,320,325-6 beys 26,32-3, 67,135,170,180, 185-9, crime 208,224,229,236-46,273-8, see law 284-9,295-8, 302-11,313-14, Crown Lands 331-6,338-40,342 see land see also chiefship, elbeys cultivation beyzadd ('nobles') 58, 64,186-7,238-9, see agriculture 331 bolgi-yih 268-9 Democrat Party/Government 296-8, 326-7,348, 362,383-6 camels 177,200,231,245,310,313,371, descent 388 as ideology 7,15-16,22-3,44-5,47, 67, 412 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58336-7 - Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan Richard Tapper Index More information Index of topics 413 186-9,238-9, 317,338-9,344, commissars 175,194-7,204-5,208 348 Shahsevan on 26,98-103,147-8,161, descent groups, lineages 6-8,13-14,19, 165-7,190-216,252-3,294,319, 22, 74,135,186,188,241,334, 322,344-6 340 see also Aras, Ardabil, Belasovar, Kor, gobdk among Shahsevan 14,26-7,135, Moghan 239,334,336,338 detribalization 283,314,346 gendarmerie 284,292,295,303,305, disarmament 279,282-5 307-8,310-11,356 dispute settlement genealogy see law see descent divani gholam see land see qollar drought 169,206,289 gobdk dynasties, chiefly 10-12,32,61-2, 64-5, see descent 117,123,238,240-2,275-6, Great Game 26,149-216 339-41,344 see also chiefship, descent, elbeys hampa (commoners) 186-7,239 see also class, raydt economic conditions 143,169-74,221-3, health 293,301,305,311-13 299-302,319-20,323,327, herdsmen, shepherds 188,239-41,289, 331-3 291,293,305-6,343,388 see also banditry, markets, pastoralism, hierarchy prices, tax, trade see class education 293,302,308,311-13,331 history 1-33,315-48 egalitarianism 5-6,11,15,332,347-8 horses 245-6,267,303,388 see also class hostages, hostage-taking 112-14,121,142, el 145 see il elbeys 58-67,109,179-90,193,201, identity 29, 55,74,308 207-8,223-4,263,284,286,303, ideology 15,22,318,343-4,346-8 330-2,334-5,369 see also descent, Islam, Shi'ism, values see also chiefship ill Hat (tribe, confederacy) 10,13,14,17, elders (aq-saqal) 14,26,47, 135, 185, 240, 45,53,75,871,90,345,348 286,305,309,314,334-5,339, Shahsevan e/75,135-6,139,334-6 342 see also confederacy, tribe endogamy imperialism 16,93,217 see marriage industrialization 288,299-300,312 epidemics 134 inheritance 18,23,27,241 see also cholera, plague irrigation, canals 72,310 ethnicity 1,315-17,346 in Moghan, from Aras 89,133,136-7, extrapolation, reconstruction 2-4,10, 171,225,290-1,298-300, 18-21,23-4,30,45,318,329,347 309-12 in Russian Moghan 206,232-3 famine 44, 82-3, 86,122,134,169,175, Timur's in Moghan 72,78,171 206,271,285,328 see also water feasts 303,308, 339-40 Islam as ideology 144,323-7,344,347 feud (blood-feud), vengeance 179,244, Islamic Republic 312,314,348 276-7,285,303,363 Islamic Revolution 17,26,310,311 fire-arms 51,244-5,268,277,279,292, 294,303,382-3,386 jama (at,jamahat see also disarmament see community forced migration jehad 130,157,272 see transportation frontiers khaleseh, khasseh closure in Moghan 209-47 see land © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58336-7 - Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan Richard Tapper Index More information 414 Index of topics khankhan(liq) payments to 186 see dshrarhq khans 142-4,149,224,238,333 nokdr (servants, retinue) 47,186,205, see also beys, chiefship 239 see also class land ownership 169-72,221-2, 233-7, nomadism, pastoral 7-10,12,15,18-24, 304,306 44-5, 75-6,87-8,143,151,171, assignments, grants 46, 53-6,75,132-3, 200,289,309-13,232-3,342, 199,345-6 387-8 soyurghal (tax-exemptions) 75, 79 nomadization 237,293 tiyul (revenue assignments), tiyuldars see also pastoral production 46, 69,75,78,132,169,172-3,221, 236-7,371 oba (camp) 14,135,185, 334-5 crown lands (khasseh, khaleseh) 52, oil 218,223,248,290, 310 132-4,169,172,221-2,226-7, oimaqluymaq (tribe, section) 24,44-6, 53, 287,289,299 75,82 state lands (divani, mamalek) 52, 132, olgdlolka3 (tribal territory) 46, 75,80,132 133 see also pastures, territory, olgd pastoralism Land Reform 26,219,300-2,306,333 economics 10,18-20,27,45-6,133, law, crime, dispute settlement 283,288 135,174-9,188-9,224-37,240, chiefs' courts 179, 183-5,274,283, 285-92 307-8 production 8,10,18,45,133-4,151, government justice 227, 307-8,388 174-8,190,200,202-3,224-32, commissars' courts 204-5,208 239-43,287,292-4,310,313, see also banditry, feud 323 leadership see also economic conditions, nomadism see chiefship pasturelands 72-3,75,78, 86,160,190-2, lineage 298-302,309-13 see descent control, tenure of 7,15,19, 23,27,46, 59,77,133,135,171,173,187-9, markets, marketing 18-21, 25,27,45,133, 192,208,224-32,286,304,306, 176-8,200,225,232-3, 240,288, 331-3,338-9,346 301,305,313 dues, rent (alafchar, ot-bashi) 84, 89, 103, marriage 185,285,303,306,308,346-8 132-3,141, 160,167-8,185-9, endogamy of tribe 16, 74,135,316, 192,194,201-2,286-7,301-2, 339-42,346 304 intermarriage 74,185,188 see also land, tax, territory marriage alliance 115, 119,123, 145, peasants 152,188,276-8,339,346 becoming tribal 44,75-6,234-7,369 weddings 178-9,186,339 conditions of peasantry 170,172,218, merchants 170,173,221, 233,236, 288, 221-2,287-8,291,306 325 Tat 291,332-3 military organization, tribal 8, 12-13,16, see also nomadization 42-56,124,131-2,138-9,161, plague 44,79,86,172 246,278 prices 177,202,233,310, 313 military class, tribal warriors, tribal levies 12, 16,46-7,170,183,185,200-2, qollarlgholams (slave corps) 51-2, 54, 56, 239-40,323,329-30 83,87 tactics 99,267,284 see also military see also noka'r, qollar, qorchi, tofangchi qorchi (royal guard) 46,48, 51-2, 54-6, 78, minority, minorities 1-2,10-11 82-3,87,89,131-2 mullahs 312,321,324-5, 328 see also military as landowners 236 qurultai (Nader Shah's gathering in judicial role 205,303 Moghan) 104-6,109 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58336-7 - Frontier Nomads of Iran: A Political and Social History of the Shahsevan Richard Tapper Index More information Index of topics 415 ra'is-e 'ashayer (chief of the tribes) 284, sales tax 84,301 298,385 see also pasture-dues, land see also elbeys tents 45, 88,178,313,332 raiding see also alachiq see banditry territory 5-7, 136, 138, 139, 148, 338-9, ray at (commoners, subjects) 236, 239, 241, 342, 344 333 see also olgd see also class, hampa 'thirty-two tribes', theory of Shahsevan reconstruction origins 36,46, 67-9, 317, 332,334, see extrapolation 336 resettlement tira, tribal section among Shahsevan 26-7, see transportation 240, 334-6,343 revenge see also community, tribe see feud tiyul see land San Khan, battle of 380-3 tiyuldars sarparast (supervisor) 224, 291, 303 see land segmentary lineages Tobacco Monopoly, Protest 222-3, 248, see descent 249 settlement of nomads 20 tofangchi (infantry corps) 51, 54 among Ardabil tribes 161, 235-7 trade, trade routes (caravans) 24, 72-3, compulsory {takhtaqapu) 52, 197-203, 133, 135, 147-8, 172, 176-7,223, 283,288-94,321 238,245-6,250,274,367 in Moghan 136,167,209-12, 226-7, 'terms of trade' (between pastoral and 234,290-1, 298-300,312-14 agricultural produce) 20-1, 177 in Russia 166-8, 190-1, 206, 208-9, translation 3-4 232 transportation (resettlement, forced shahisevan(i) 39-57,72-91, 130-2, 139 migration) 52, 56, 74, 82-3,118, shepherds 138,141,147,149-68,345 see herdsmen tribal clusters 17,135-6, 138,144,187, Shi'a, Shi'i, Shi'ism 42-4, 52, 64-6, 130-1, 240, 242, 273-7, 286-7, 307, 309, 137-9,144, 257, 318-20, 348 317,324, 335-6,342, 344-5 slaves 48, 51, 54 tribal coalitions 136-9, 144, 275-6, 324 see also qollar tribal lists 10, 68, 227, 229, 333-6, sources 27-33,327 356-74 soyurghal Tribal Union of East Azarbaijan 218, see land 254-9,263 state formation 11,16, 343 tribe, in anthropology and history 5-10, see also tribe-state relations 18-24, 315-16, 327-30, 343-8 succession 47,187, 240,304 taifa (tribe among Shahsevan) 26-7, Sufis, Sufism 42-3, 50, 52, 68,130-1, 344, 67-8, 74-5, 131,135-6,175,180, 346 186, 205, 226, 237-42, 273-7, 314, Sunnis, Sunnism 39,42-3.