1101 Index a – PEM electrolysis 961 absorption bands 985 acidification 285, 603, 916 absorption spectrum 984, 1031 acid leaching 237 acetaldehyde (AC) 494, 972 acid zeolite catalyst 458 – reactor outlet 345 acrolein 490 acetalization 618 acrylic acid 503, 507, 508, 527 acetate 896 – synthesis 835 acetic acid 77, 593, 972 acrylonitrile 505, 507, 515, 521, 527 – esterification 760, 773 activated carbon (AC) 394, 776 – oxidation to vinyl acetate 487 activated carbon fiber (ACF) 641 – synthesis 503, 835 activation energies 851, 904, 909, 963 acetone 518 active acid materials 721 acetonitrile 741 active carbons 723 acetophenone 242 active catalyst phase 97 – transfer hydrogenation reaction of 140 active metal oxides 514 acetoxysilicone ink 375, 376 active oxygen 424 acetoxysilicone polymer 373 active phase–support interactions 225 acetylene 508 active sites 225, 235, 243 – carbon-catalyzed hydrochlorination 21 acylation toluene 135 ACF. see activated carbon fiber (ACF) adamantine-containing diquaternary III acid–base bifunctional (MNP-NH2-Ru ) alkylammonium iodides 252 catalyst 167 additive digital fabrication 359 acid–base interactions 984 additives 5, 14 acid-base properties 76 adsorption 60, 209, 220, 425 acid catalysis 49, 719 – of benzaldehyde and propanal at Lewis – esterification reaction 135 acid site 1073 – processes 629 – enthalpy 1071 –– acetylation 629 – properties 862 –– alkylation 629 advanced oxidation processes (AOP) 50, 873, –– dehydration 629 884 –– esterification 629 AEM (tertiary amino groups) 917 –– etherification 629 – electrochemical reforming data 969 –– hydrolysis 629 – ethanol electrochemical reforming 971 – reactions 133, 636 AEN-zeotype structure 262 –– acylation processes 134 aerogels 10, 39 –– alkylations 133 aerosol pyrolysis method 158 –– esterifications reactions 135 affinities 209 acid-functionalized carbons 777 Ag/α-Al2O3 catalyst 484 acidic electrolytes 916, 929 agglomeration 3, 228, 236 Nanotechnology in Catalysis: Applications in the Chemical Industry, Energy Development, and Environment Protection, First Edition. Edited by Bert Sels and Marcel Van de Voorde. 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2017 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 1102 Index aggregation 239 alkylation, benzene/derivatives 133 + Ag ions 14 alkyl fructoside 606, 618 Ag metal nanoparticles alkyl glucosides 618 – schematic depiction of 130 alkyl glycosides 617 Ag nanocrystals 14 alkyl lactate 612 Ag-O bond formation 486 alkyl levulinate 620 AgPd nanoparticles 234 alkylphenols 289 agricultural waste 754 alkylpyridines 286 – biomass residues 755 alkyl shifts 623 Ag/SiO2-Al2O3 catalysts 493 alkyl-SPO ligand-protected Au NPs 32 AgTa0.7Nb0.3O3 854 alkyne alcohols Ag trimers 490 – hydrogenation of 182 air calcination 747 allylic C-H bond 27 alcohol oxidation 970 Al-MCM-41 material – anode 965 – for catalytic pyrolysis of biomass 674 – catalyzed by Au/MOx 25 Al2O3 ALD – kinetics 965 – film, cross-sectional SEM image 339 – rate-determining step 24 – overcoats 346, 347 alcohols 241, 964 γ-Al2O3 and MgO supports 214 – aerobic oxidation 25 Al2O3–P2O5–MgO–H2O system 262 – catalyzed by sulfated zirconia 791 Al2O3–P2O5–Na2O–H2O system 262 – dehydrogenation 25 alpha-alumina 484 20 – direct oxidation 25 [Al5P4O26(OH)3] building unit 263 – electrooxidation 965, 972 AlPO zeolites 991 – oxidation of 22–25 Al-rich MTT zeolite 256 –– carboxylation 821 alternative energy 386 –– size dependence 22 alumina 342 alcoholysis 764 – supported heterogeneous catalysts 231 ALD. see atomic layer deposition (ALD) aluminophophate molecular sieves aldol reactions 602 – organotemplate-free synthesis of 260 ALE. see atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) aluminophosphate (APO-11) 77, 266 algae biomass 808 – based molecular sieves algae pond systems 808 –– organotemplate-free synthesis of 262 aliphatic hydrocarbons 665 – Na6[(AlPO4)8(OH)6]8H2O 262 alkali-free (AF) Sn-Beta 613 aluminosilicate zeolites 138, 275, 471, alkali metals 210, 612, 613 477, 1056 alkaline anion exchange membrane 963 – organotemplate-free synthesis 252 alkaline conditions 972 –– BEA zeolite 254 alkaline earth metal cations 857 –– ECR-1 zeolite 252 alkaline electrolysis 915, 916, 929, 961 –– EMT zeolite 252 – water electrolysis process 962 –– FER zeolite 259 alkaline electrolyzer 962 –– MEL zeolite 258 alkaline-mediated desilication 774 –– MTT zeolites 255 alkali promoters 209, 210, 487 –– RTH zeolite 257 alkanes, oxidation of 27 –– ZSM-34 zeolite 253, 254 alkenes –– ZSM-5/ZSM-11 260 – activation 998 aluminum 619 – gold-catalyzed oxidation of 26 aluminum defects 771 – oxidation of 26 aluminum molybdate 473 – 2-pentene 1067 aluminum nitrate 6 alkoxides 24 aluminum phosphate (AlPO) crystals 991 – in H-ZSM-5 1068 aluminum plant 807 alkoxycarbonylations reactions 183 Al-zeolites 605, 619 Index 1103 Amberlyst resins 759 – fabrication 968 ameliorates 724 anode materials 941 amination 637 anodic oxidation 11 aminoalkyl-functionalized zeolites 30 anodization 11 aminoaromatics 238 anodization setup 12 1-(-aminobenzyl-2-naphthol 185 antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) 884 – as organocatalysts 185 antiferromagnetic materials aminocarbonylations reactions 183 – magnetic moment 146 amino groups, electron-donating properties 30 aqueous-phase hydrogenation (APH) 347 aminoindolizines, one-pot synthesis of 182 arenesulfonic 77 aminophenol 725 arene-sulfonic acid SBA-15 788 4-aminophenol 196 aromatic hydrocarbons 471 – catalyst and, bonding between 181 aromatic nitro compounds 238 aminopropylsilane 185 aromatics 472, 592 3-aminopropylsilane aromatization 718 – as silane precursor 184 Ar pyrolysis 233 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane 192, 198 Arrhenius plots 904 ammonia 10, 16, 851, 962 artificial photosynthesis 396, 825 ammonia borane reaction, hydrolysis of 187 artificial/solar light sources 877 ammonia calorimetry 784 arundo donax 964 ammonia synthesis 209, 211 aryl boronic acids 235 ammonium chloride 476 aryl bromides, carbonylation of 186 ammonium-exchanged COK-14 sample 342 β-aryl ether bond ammonium heptamolybdate 472 – acid-catalyzed cleavage of 549 ammonium heptamolybdate tetrahydrate 739 – cleavage in phenolic and nonphenolic ammonium niobium oxalate 740 units 553 ammonium persulfate 42 α-aryl ether bonds 541 ammoxidation 505, 521, 637 β-aryl ether bonds 541 amorphous silica alumina (ASA) 465, 694 aryl halides 235 amorphous solids 1029 aryl-SPO ligand-protected Au NPs 32 anatase nanoparticle chains 343 ASA. see amorphous silica-alumina (ASA) anatase N-TiO2 881 ascorbic acid 227, 744 anatase phase 220 ASF. see Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) anatase TiO2 carrier concentration 221 Aspargillus niger 168 Anderson–Schulz–Flory (ASF) ASPEN HYSYS software 964 distribution 450 As Sn-containing zeolites 605 – strategies to break 450 atmospheric CO2 reduction 931 –– encapsulation strategies 451 atomic absorption 767 –– physical mixtures 450 – spectroscopy 727 –– zeolite-supported FT 451–453 atomic force microscopy (AFM) 164 aniline 239 atomic layer deposition (ALD) 219, 335 anion exchange membrane (AEM) 915, 963, – bimetallic nanoparticles 350 965, 968 – catalysis, role in 319–350 – electrochemical reforming 968 – in catalyst design 340 anionic Au core 22 – cycles 336 anionic dye 991 – monometallic nanoparticles 348 anisotropy 992 – oxide cycles 342 annealing temperatures 366 – processes annihilation 1031, 1037 –– characteristics 336 anode architecture schematics 970 – reaction cycle anode catalysts 968 –– schematic illustration 336 anode–cathode proximity 912 – schematic representation 346 anode electrode 970 – supported catalyst design, role in 340 1104 Index – synthesized Co catalysts 342 bagasse 592, 755 – temperature window 338 balance of system (BOS) 914 – thickness evolution of Pd 351 – nanoparticles 943, 944 atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) 335 bandgap energy (BG) 215, 853, 854, 860, 873, atomic ratio 726 876, 880, 910, 984 attenuated total reflection (ATR) 163 BAS. see brønsted acid (BAS) Au25 base leaching 276, 284 – phenylthiolate-protected 32 batch reactor 13 Au-Al2O3 interface 31 batteries 336 Au-aryl SPO clusters 31 Bayer–Hoechst process 487 Au-catalyzed reactions 21 BEA zeolite 451, 607 Au/C catalyst 972 bed reactor 369 Au/C gave cyclohexene oxide 26 benzalacetone hydrogenation 29 Au clusters benzaldehyde 723, 726 – Au25 clusters – conversion of 321 –– thiolate-stabilized 26, 30 benzaldehyde adsorption – Au55 clusters – on Au clusters on Al2O3 34 –– catalysts 26 benzaldehyde hydrogenation –– phosphine-stabilized 26 – size dependency 33 – phenylthiolate-protected 32 benzene 986 – preparation and deposition 21 – alkylation 317 – thiolate-stabilized 26 – hydroxylation 67–69 Au counter electrode 212 benzenediamine 730 Au, EDX mapping images 864 benzenedicarboxylate (BDC) linker 1063 Au, electronic state 12, 23 benzene ethylation 317 Au-Fe3O4 magnetic catalyst 181 benzene oxidation to phenol 741 Auger electron 1031 benzene selectivity 472 Au/graphene catalyst 235 benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) 673 Au-maghemite nanocatalysts 182 – aromatics 681 Au-magnetite nanocatalysts 181 benzoic acid esterification 772 Au nanoparticles 487, 954 benzyl alcohol 726 – Au-NiO core 25 – aerobic oxidation 23 – Au-YSZ catalyst-electrode 955 – selective oxidation of 138 – based catalysts 235 benzylation 738 – electron-enriched 29 beta-SDS – electronic properties 30 – crystals 255 Aun clusters – samples, TEM images 256 – deposition of glutathionate-protected 27 – textural parameters 255 Au particles beta zeolites 255, 279, 607, 615, 670, 673 – Pd-Fe3O4 magnetic nanocatalysts 182 – seed-directed synthesis 255 – size dependence 21 BG value