E-255 VOL. 5 Beijing-Zhuhai NationalTrunk Highway Public Disclosure Authorized HunanLinxiang-Changsha Freeway and Linking Roads -A Report of Investigations and Prospecting Results of Cultural Relics and the Schedule for their Archeological Exploration Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Hunan Province Institute of Archeology and Cultural Relics Public Disclosure Authorized January,1999 Beljing-ZhuhaiNational Trunk Highway HunanLinxiang-Changsha Freeway and LinkingRoads A Reportof Investigationsand Prospecting Resultsof Cultural Relics and the Schedule for their Archeological Exploration HunanProvince Institute of Archeologyand Cultural Relics January,1999 Contents I. Foreword............................................................... 1 II. Assessment of investigationsand prospectingresults ..... 3 Ill. Working plan for archeological exploration and budget Presentation-------^o----............ 0 ......... IV. Remarks .-............................... 5 Figure1. Locationof Lixiang-Changshaexpress highway Figure2. Regionsof Lixiang-Changshaexpress highway Figure3. Directionsof Lixiang-Changshaexpress highway AttachedTable 1 CulturalRelics along Lixiang-Changsha ExpressHighway I Foreword Lirudang-ChangshaArterial Highway,the Part of Beijing-Zhuzhou Express Highway in Hunan Province starts at Tandu, Unxiang,Hunan(Xindianof Hubei Province),crosses Beijing-Guangzhou railroadand the presentnational highway No 107 at Xin QianzgenPing, then runs alongthe northslope of HongheMountains, passing the south side of Linxiangto meet Toalin railwayprepared specifically for the lead and zinc minesat the Chang'anRiver, going through Taolin Town to enter Lanqiao,YueyangCounty. When it rushes into the Miluo City, it has passed Wujiang,Longwan, crossed the XinqiangRiver at Sangangzui, passedSanhe, Baiyang and gone out of Xiache. It goes on to Dajing, and Gucang, crossingthe Luoshui River and going by the west of Changdongand touches the territoryof Wugongshiof PinjiangCounty via Mishui.Before it reachesits terminalat NiuJiaochong,it passesLishan, Xiangjia,when entering the Countyof Changsha,it goesby Kaihul,Fulin, Guangfu,Tangtian, Ansha, Shuitang,crosses the Laodao River at the west side of the nationalhighway No 107 and reachesNiujiaochong, its termninal,meeting the starting point of Changsha-Xiangtanexpress highway,coveringa distance of 182.779kilometer(see schedules 1, 2, and 3). Highwaysin this part of the region are of low grade, except the nationalhighway No 107 and sectionsof provincialhighways, therefore it is necessaryfor this projectto establishspecial connectionlines to facilitatetraffic. Wherethe connectionlines are short,they are treatedas parts of regionalhighways; while they are long, they shall be designed separately. A surveyof the connectionlines are shownbelow: Surveyof plannedconnection lines olames Connectedto Gradeof Length Gradeof Investment Remarks connected connectors (ten thousand Unxiang NH No107 Gradeli 2915m GradeII 2722.4 To be constructed Kaihui NH No1O7 GradeII 8000m GradeII 3667.3 To be constructed Guangfu NH No107 GradeII 2500m GradeII 864.6 To be constructed Pingjiang NH No107 GradeII 16540m GradeII 6967.6 To be constructed The trunk highwaysand the connectionlines in this projecttrail down the five counties of Linxiang,Yueyang, Miluo, Pingjiang and Changsha,the topographyof whichis of low hills and valleysby the east side of Lake Dongting. Among them Yueyangfaces the 800 li(one li=500m)of the lake area with Muji mountainson the east, forming a I corridorconnecting the regionsof Changjiangand Huai Rivers and the interior land of mid-Hunan. This is where ancient culture of China developedvigorously and where various culturesmeet and exchange frequently. So much so that since the founding of the Republic, thousandsof culturalrelics have been excavatedalong the south bankof the ChangjiangRiver and the east side of DongtingLake in Yueyang Region, as well as along Xinqiangheand Miluo Rivers. Among the famousones are Fuzhangyuan,Miluo,an archeologicalsite of Neolithic Age tracing back seven thousandyears from today, and archeological sites of Shang Dunasty,such as Tonggushan,Duimenshan, Feijiahe, Laoyazhouin Yueyang and Chutang,Yusishan,Luoshishan in Miluo. Also, largeancient tombs of Chu Peopleand nativeYue Peopleare found at Chenglingjiin YueyangCity, Gangkouin YueyangCounty, Nanjiang in PingjiangCounty and Luoziguocheng.Apart from this, thousands of piecesof bronzeware of Shangand Zhou Dynasties have been unearthed successivelyduring this century.Therefore, these archeologicalfindings are not only significantin breakingthrough archeological problems but also valuablein definingperiods of time and archeologicalresearches in HunanProvince. Instituteof Archeologyand CulturalRelics, Hunan Province, trusted by HunanAdministrative Bureau of CulturalRelics Affairs, has entered into agreementwith PlanningOffice of HunanTransportation Commission, regarding investigationsand prospectingof cultural relics and the schedulefor their archeologicalexploration along Linxiang-Changsha arterial highwayand its connectionlines, the part of Beijing-Zhuzhou expresshighway in HunanProvince. Underthis agreementand with the supportof PlanningOffice of HunanTransportation Commission and PlanningInstitute of HunanTransportation Commission, our institutewent into a preliminary investigation along Unxiang-ChangshaExpress Highwayfrom May 25, 1996 to June 19 of the same year. The area investigatedincludes 50 meters on each side from the center of the highway(withan averagewidth of 100m) based on the map(10000:1) providedby the Province'sTransportation Planning Institute. As for the landto be usedor its scopewas notincluded in the investigation. Based on the pre-assessmentmade by World Bank of Linxiang- Changshaarterial highway and its connectionlines, the part of Beijing- Zhuzhouexpress highway in HunanProvince, our institutewill take leadin organizing archeologistswith field experiencesfrom departmentsat differentlevels to form five groupsresponsible for differentregions and sections. Investigationsare basicallymade of geographicprospecting. Basedon naturaland sectiontopographic analysis, civilian workers were employedto dig ditchesand to carry out technicalexploration so as to determineareas and cultural accumulations. Onthe whole,the workwas effective. Nevertheless,the shortfallof time made it inevitablefor the 2 negligencealong the long lines and many spots of investigatedarea. Formalexcavations of relics can be based on the focal explorationsof these areas. Statisticsshow that the investigationsof the two times involved350 persontimes and civilianworkers of 1400person days. A reportof the preliminaryinvestigation is as follows: 11. Assessment of investigationsand prospecting results Altogether 29 burial spots were found, of which six were archeologicalsites and three old kilns,and the resttombs(see schedule 1). Of the six archeologicalsites, one was identifiedas from NeolithicAge, two from EastZhou Dynasty,two from Tang and SongDynasties and one belongsto the site of a villageof Ming Dynasty. The six sites cover an area of 66700square meter, with an accumulationof culturalrelics for a thicknessof 0.5- 1.2m. Largequantities of pofferyand chinaware can be found. Much prospectingwork and locatingkey distributionof relics remainsundone. In the site of NeolithicAge, the time is set as 6000 - 5000 years from now. XiangjiangValley and DongtingLake werearcheological sites of this period. Similar findings were made in Qianlianghu,Huarong, Fushangyuan,Miluo and Nantuoof DatuoVillage in Changsha. These discoverieswill undoubtedlyhelp studycultural genealogy and sourcesof theseareas. The East Zhou archeologicalsite has been a concem of archeologicalwork lately, as manyof the thingsexcavated here were used by peopleatthat periodof timein their productionor dailylife. Therefore, they representedthe popularculture of EastZhou Dunasty,providing a new clue to explorecultural exchanges and nationalintegration between Chu and Yue peoples. Archeologicalsites of Tang and Songdynasties covereda large area and presentedmany relics providingwitnesses of ancienttribal culture. Tombsites numberedover twenty, of whicheight were either single tombs or burial places for couples. Heaps of earth still exist with inscriptionson stone-tablets. They were from Qing Dynastyand most probablyof big families,judging from the size of earth heaps. Valuable chinawareor jade ware can be expectedfrom them. Twelvetomb sites elsewherewere mostlywithout heaps. But many piecesof bricks were seen, and some were broken,some hangingfrom broken walls. They belongto Han and Song Dynasties. There were also two tomb groups where the surface of earth was shoveledoff, with tomb pit disclosed. Especiallywas the case for Yanzipo, Dayuan village, Lishan town, PingjiangCounty. Pits here were both narrow and long, a feature of burial of Yue peoplein Spring-AutumnPeriod to Warring-StatePeriod. Excavationof these burialswill certainlyprovide new materialsfor the studiesof Chuand Yue culturesin HunanProvince. 3 Ill. Worikingplan for archeologicalexploration and budget presentation 1. Workingplan for excavation In accordancewith requirements of protectionof culturalrelics and archeologicalexploration, exploration of underground relics is an unexceptionalnecessity, for the true value of relics lies in their assessmentafter their excavation. In view of the fact that archeological sites are too largeto be exploredwith the presentlimited funds, as a rule, 10 per cent of the total