The Rockefeller Foundation Annual Report, 1954 THE ROCKEFEI LED FOUNU&TiOH JAN 2 6 1956 LIBRARY 49 West 49th Street, New York 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 7? 5-9 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation CONTENTS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES, TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES, 1955-1956 xii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL XV THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW Introduction 3 Summary of Appropriations 4 The Development of Individual Capacity 5 A Growing Role in Agricultural Cooperation 1 1 Nongovernmental Technical Assistance 22 Centers of Program Interest 28 Organizational Information 52 ILLUSTRATIONS following 58 DIVISION OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH Introductory Statement 65 Professional Education 69 Medical Care 91 Investigation and Control of Specific Diseases and Deficiencies 93 Development of the Health Sciences 107 Special Project 118 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation DIVISION OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE Introductory Statement 125 Experimental Biology General 131 Biology 134 Biochemistry 142 Biophysics 1 56 Biomathematics 1 60 Agriculture Aid to Research and Teaching 161 Operating Programs 169 Grants with Long-Range Relation to World's Food Supply 1 84 Special Projects 189 DIVISION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Introductory Statement 195 The Functioning and Management of the Economy 198 Human Behavior and Interpersonal and Intergroup Relations 207 Political Science and International Affairs 210 Legal, Political, and Social Theory and Philosophy 217 Development of Social Science Talent 221 DIVISION OF HUMANITIES Introductory Statement 229 Intercultural Studies 234 Humanistic Research 249 The Arts 258 Special Projects 268 OTHER APPROPRIATIONS vi © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation FELLOWSHIPS FOR 1954 REPORT OF THE TREASURER 299 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF GRANTS, 1954 385 INDEX 417 VII 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION Trustees, Officers, and Committees 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES April 1954 - April 1955 TRUSTEES CHESTER BOWLES HENRY ALLEN MOE DETLEV W. BRONK WILLIAM I. MYERS WILLIAM H. CLAFL1N THOMAS PARRAN JOHN S. DICKEY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, LEWIS W. DOUGLAS DEAN RUSK HERBERT S. GASSER GEOFFREY S. SMITH WALLACE K. HARRISON ROBERT G. SPROUL JOHN R. KIMBERLY ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER ROBERT F. LOEB HENRY P. VAN DUSEN ROBERT A. LOVETT W. BARRY WOOD, JR.1 JOHN J. MCCLOY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER BOWLES HENRY ALLEN MOE DETLEV W. BRONK JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD WALLACE K. HARRISON ROBERT Y, LOBS, alternate member ROBERT A. LOVETT GEOFFREY s, SMITH, alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE ROBERT A. LOVETT, Chairman WILLIAM H. CLAFLiN LEWIS w. DOUGLAS, alternate member JOHN j. MCCLOY GEOFFREY s. SMITH, alternate member THE PRESIDENT THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 1 Beginning July 1.1954* X © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD President DEAN RUSK yice-Presidents LINDSLEY F. KIM BALL ALAN 6REOQ Secretary FLORA M. RHIND Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller H. MALCOLM GILLETTE Director for the Division of Medicine and Public Health ANDREW j, WARREN Director for the Division of Natural Sciences and Agriculture WARREN WEAVER Deputy Director for Agriculture j. GEORGE HARRAR Director for the Division of Social Sciences JOSEPH H. wiLtrrs1 Acting Director for the Division of Social Sciences LELAND c. Director for the Division of Humanities CHARLES B. FAHS COUNSEL CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FOR MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH WARD DARLEY HERMAN E. HILLEBOE JOHN H. DINGLE ROBERT A. MOORE BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FOR AGRICULTURE GUSTAV BOHSTEDT WILL MARTIN MYERS RICHARD BRADFIELD HERMAN ALONZO RODENHISER JOHN NORMAN EFFERSON 'Retired June 30, 1954* • From July i, 1954, to June 30. 1955 xi 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The Rockefeller Foundation TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AND COMMITTEES April 1955-April 1956 TRUSTEES CHESTER BOWLES HENRY ALLEN MOE DETLEV W. BRONK WILLIAM I. MYERS RALPH J. BUNCHE THOMAS PARRAN WILLIAM H. CLAFLIN JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, JRD JOHN S. DICKEY DEAN RUSK LEWIS W. DOUGLAS GEOFFREY S. SMITH WALLACE K. HARRISON ROBERT G. SPROUL JOHN R. KIMBERLY ARTHUR HAYS SULZBERGER ROBERT F. LOEB HENRY P. VAN DUSEN ROBERT A. LOVETT W. BARRY WOOD, JR. JOHN J. MCCLOY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE f THE PRESIDENT, Chairman CHESTER BOWLES JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD DETLEV W. BRONK W, BARRY WOOD, JR. ROBERT A. LOVETT RALPH j. BUNCHE, alternate member HENRY ALLEN MOE ROBERT F. LOEB, alternate member FINANCE COMMITTEE ROBERT A. LOVETT, Chairman WILLIAM H, CLAFLIN LEWIS w. DOUGLAS, alternate member JOHN j. MCCLOY GEOFFREY s. SMITH, alternate member THE PRESIDENT THE CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES xii 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation OFFICERS Chairman of the Board of Trustees JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, 3RD President DEAN RUSK Vice-President ALAN GREGG Executive Wee-President LINDSLEY F. KIMBALL Pice-President for the Natural and Medical Sciences WARREN WEAVER Secretary FLORA M. RHIND Treasurer EDWARD ROBINSON Comptroller H. MALCOLM GILLETTE Director for Agriculture j. GEORGE HARRAR Director for Biological and Medical Research ROBERT s. MORISON Director for the Humanities CHARLES B. FAHS Director for Medical Education and Public Health JOHN c. BUGHER Director for the Social Sciences NORMAN s. BUCHANAN 1 /feting Director for the Social Sciences LELAND c. DEVTNNEY 3 COUNSEL CHAUNCEY BELKNAP VANDERBILT WEBB BOARD OF CONSULTANTS FOR AGRICULTURE JOHN NORMAN EFFERSON HERMAN ALONZO RODENHISER P, C. MANGELSDORF ERNEST C. YOUNG WILL MARTIN MYERS > Beginning July I, I9SS. 'To June 30, 1955. • «* Mil 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation To the Trustees of The Rockefeller Foundation Gentlemen: I have the honor to transmit herewith a general review of the work of The Rockefeller Foundation for the year I954S together with detailed reports of the Treasurer of the Foun- dation and of the Directors for the Divisions of Medicine and Public Health^ Natural Sciences and Agriculture, Social Sciences, and Humanities for the period January i, 1954 to December 31} 1954. Respectfully yours, Dean Rusk President © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation The President's Review 1954 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation Introduction It is customary for the president of The Rockefeller Foundation to give the public, in addition to the Annual Report, a broad review of the year's work. The Report describes in considerable detail what the Foundation does and accounts publicly for the custody and use of the funds entrusted to it. The president, in his review, comments upon the underlying policies which lead the Foundation to work in some directions and not in others, expresses some of the hopes implicit in the use of its funds, and calls attention to significant changes of emphasis which seem required by the shifting scenes of circumstance. Since the basic policies set by the Trustees of the Foundation show continuity over periods of years, the president's review does not burden the reader with a repetitious annual statement of the continuing philosophy of Foundation action. As a running commentary, this present review should be read as a sequel to the review for 1953. In addition, the Foundation issues quarterly re- ports which provide brief descriptions of actions taken during the preceding three months. These three pub- lications are the Foundation's response to the obligation which it feels that it has to make its activities known to anyone who is interested. The obligation derives from the Foundation's concept of good policy for a public trust and not from any present legal obligation. Its funds were placed in trust by Mr. John D. Rockefeller for a public purpose, under laws and public policies which encouraged such a use of private resources, This 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation 4 THE ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION commitment to a public purpose led the Trustees to the conclusion in 1913 that the public should know how the Foundation's funds were being spent. In more recent years the income tax exemption feature added to the reasons for making a full public disclosure. The Rocke- feller Foundation has informed the Congress that it would support legislation requiring full public reporting on the activities of tax-exempt foundations. It did so because it supports the legitimate use of private re- sources for public purposes and believes that full dis- closure is an important guarantee that the privileges accorded to philanthropy will not be abused. Summary of Appropriations in 1954 The Rockefeller Foundation made appropriations in 1954 amounting to $19,10736650 Of this amount, $5,102,796 was directed to work in medicine and public health; 143830,220 to the natural sciences and agricul- ture; $3,041,530 to the social sciences; $>3,3353267 to the humanities; and $818,000 to purposes not readily classifiable under the above headings. In addition, $1,979,852 was appropriated for administration and for services rendered directly by the Foundation's own professional staff. Included in the above figures was $1,025,000 for Rockefeller Foundation fellowships. The unallocated capital funds of the Foundation had a market value of $442,958,445 as of December 31, 1954* A complete financial statement for the year 1954 appears in the Annual Report. © 2003 The Rockefeller Foundation THE PRESIDENT'S REVIEW 5 The Development of Individual Capacity Just over forty years ago, in the winter of 1914-15,