The Phenomenological Movement TO THE MEMORY of ALFRED SCHUTZ one of the brightest hopes for an authentic phenomenology in the United States, whose untimely death deprived this book of its most beloved reader and keenest critic and H. L. VAN BREDA without whom this book could not have appeared Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN-\3: 978-90-247-2535-9 e-ISBN-\3: 978-94-009-7491-3 001:10.1007/978-94-009-7491-3 Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A. In all other countries, sold and distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Printed on acid-free paper 04-020 I-lOOts All Rights Reserved © 1994 Kluwer Academic Publishers Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st Edition 1994 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. TO THE MEMORY of ALFRED SCHUTZ one of the brightest hopes for an authentic phenomenology in the United States, whose untimely death deprived this book of its most beloved reader and keenest critic and H. L. VAN BREDA without whom this book could not have appeared TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations XXI Preface to the First Edition XXIII Preface to the Third Edition XXXIV List of Abbreviations XLIX Introduction I. The Phenomenological Movement Defined 2. Unrelated Phenomenologies 6 a. Extra-Philosophical Phenomenologies 7 b. Philosophical Phenomenologies II 3. Preview 19 Part One I The Preparatory Phase I. FRANZ BRENTANO (1838-1917): FORERUNNER OF THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENT I. Brentano's Place in the History of Phenomenology 27 VIll TABLE OF CONTENT 2. His Purpose: A Scientific Reformation of Philosophy 28 3. A New Psychology as the Foundation for Scientific Philosophy 31 4. A New Type of Empiricism 33 5. Descriptive Psychology versus Genetic Psychology 34 6. A New Type of Experience: Inner Perception versus Intro- spection 35 7. "Intentionality": The Basic Psychological Phenomenon 36 8. A "Natural" Classification of Psychical Acts 38 9. A Fundamental Law of Psychical Phenomena 39 10. The Awareness of Time 40 II. An Analogue of Self-Evidence as the Basis for Ethical Knowledge 40 12. Brentano's Fight against "Fictitious Entities" 43 13. How Far Was Brentano a Representative of "Psychologism"? 44 Selective Bibliography 49 II. CARL STUMPF (1848-1936): FOUNDER OF EXPERIMENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY I. Stumpf's Place in the History of Phenomenology 51 2. The Role of Phenomenology in His Work 52 3. General Characteristics of His Phenomenology 55 a. The Subject Matter of Phenomenology Consists of Primary and Secondary Phenomena 55 b. Phenomenology is a Neutral Science or Pre-Science (Vorwwen- schqfl) 56 c. Phenomenology is the First of the Neutral Pre-Sciences 57 d. Phenomenology is Not an Independent Discipline for Specialists, but Rather the First Layer in the Study of Every Established Science 57 e. Phenomenology. while a Descriptive Science. has to be Studied by All Suitable Methods. Including the Experimental One 57 4. Some Concrete Phenomenological Contributions 58 a. The Distinction between Dependent and Independent Parts and TABLE OF CONTENTS IX the Experience of Substance and Attribute 58 b. The Experience of Causal Nexus 59 c. The Experience of "Feel-Sensations" (Ge!iihlsemp!indungen) 59 d. The Discovery of Structural Laws among Empirical Materials Not Based upon Induction 59 e. The Discovery of the Sachverhalt 59 5. The Relationship of Stumpf's and Husserl's Phenomenologies 60 Excursus: Stumpf's Phenomenology and William James's Psychology 62 Selective Bibliography 65 Part Two / The German Phase of the Movement III. THE PURE PHENOMENOLOGY OF EDMUND HUSSERL (1859-1938) A. Introductory 69 B. Constants in Hussert's Conception of Philosophy 71 I. The Ideal of Rigorous Science 72 2. Philosophic Radicalism 76 3. The Ethos of Radical Autonomy 78 4. The Wonder of All Wonders: Subjectivity 81 5. Husserl's Personality and His Philosophy 81 C. Variables in the Development of Husserl's Philosophy 84 I. The Pre-Phenomenological Period 84 a. The Critique of Psychologism 86 b. The Conception of a Pure Logic 88 Excursus: Meinong's Gegenstandstheorie and Husserl's Logic 89 2. The Beginnings of Phenomenology as the Subjective Correlate of Pure Logic 92 a. Husserl's Semantics 95 b. Husserl's Doctrine of Universals (Essences) 95 c. The Intentionality of Consciousness 97 x TABLE OF CONTENTS Excursus: William James's Significance for Husserl's Pheno- menology 100 d. Pheromenologicallntuiting (Anschauung and Wesensschau) 104 3. Phenomenology Becomes "First Philosophy" lOS Excursus: Wilhelm Dilthey and Edmund Husserl 109 4. The Birth of the Phenomenological Movement and the Beginnings of Transcendental Phenomenology 111 a. Self-Givenness - Phenomenology and Positivism 114 b. Phenomenology of Perception and Self-Evidence 116 c. The Phenomenological Reduction 118 Excursus: Santayana's Ultimate Scepticism Compared with Husserl's Phenomenological Reduction 123 d. The Phenomenological Residue: Ego Cogito Cogitata Mea 124 e. Phenomenological Idealism 126 Excursus: Husserl and Josiah Royce 128 f. Phenomenological Constitution and the Consciousness of Time 130 g. Phenomenology and Psychology 132 S. Toward a System of Transcendental Phenomenology 134 Intersubjectivity and Transcendental Monadology 139 6. The Last Beginning 141 The Idea of the Life-World (Lebenswe/t) 144 D. In Place of an Appraisal 147 Postscript 1980 148 Selective Bibliography 163 IV. THE ORIGINAL PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENT A. The Phenomenological Circles 166 1. The GOttingen Circle 166 2. The Munich Circle 169 B. Alexander Pf(lnder (1870-1941): From Phenomenological TABLE OF CONTENTS XI Psychology to PhenomenologiCl1I Philosophy 170 1. Pfander's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 170 2. The Place of Phenomenology in His Philosophy 172 3. His Conception of Phenomenology 174 a. Phenomenological Psychology 175 b. Phenomenological Philosophy 176 4. Examples of His Phenomenology 180 a. Directed Sentiments (Gesinnungen) 181 b. Basic and Empirical Essences 182 c. The Perception of Oughtness 184 s. Concluding Remarks 185 Selective Bibliography 186 6. Pfander's Following: Maximilian Beck, Gerda Walther, Herbert Spiegelberg, Josef Stilrmann 187 c. Adolf Reinach (1883-1917): Phenomenological Ontology of Essences 191 1. Reinach's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 191 2. His Conception of Phenomenology 193 3. Illustrations of His Phenomenology 197 a. A Theory of Social Acts 197 b. Essential Laws Concerning Legal Entities 198 Selective Bibliography 200 D. Moritz Geiger (1880-1937): From Phenomenological Esthetics toward Metaphysics 200 I. Geiger's Conception of Phenomenology 203 2. Illustrations of His Phenomenological Analyses 206 a. Esthetic Enjoyment 207 b. Existential Depth 208 c. The Unconscious 209 Selective Bibliography 211 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS E. Hedwig Conrad-Martius (/888-/966): Phenomenology and Reality 212 (by Eberhard Ave-Lallemant) I. Conrad-Martius's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 212 2. Her Conception of Phenomenology 214 3. The Phenomenon of Reality 215 4. Philosophy of Nature on Phenomenological Foundations 219 5. Toward an Appraisal 221 Selective Bibliography 221 F. Roman Ingarden (/893-1970): Ontological Phenomenology 223 (by Guido KUng) I. Ingarden's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 223 2. His Conception of Phenomenology 224 3. A Phenomenologist's Analysis of the Idealism-Realism Con- troversy 227 4. The Phenomenology of the Work of Art 229 5. Toward an Appraisal 231 Selective Bibliography 232 G. Other Members of the Gottingen and Munich Circles 233 I. August Gallinger (1871-1959) 233 2. Aloys Fischer (1880-1937) 233 3. Theodor Conrad (1881-1969) 234 4. Wilhelm Schapp (1884-1965) 234 5. Kurt Stavenhagen (1885-1951) 234 6. Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889-1977) 235 7. Hans Lipps (1889-1941) 237 8. Adolf Grimme (1889-1963) 237 TABLE OF CONTENTS XJIl 9. Jean Hering (1890-1%6) 237 10. Edith Stein (1891-1942) 238 II. Alexandre Koyre (1892-1964) 239 H. The Freiburg Group 240 I. The New Setting 240 2. Husser!'s Collaborators: Ludwig Landgrebe, Eugen Fink 241 3. Other Husser! Associates: Oskar Becker, Fritz Kaufmann, Ludwig Ferdinand Clauss, Arnold Metzger 247 4. The Central Field: Wilhelm Szilasi, Hans Reiner 249 5. The Periphery: Aron Gurwitsch, Emmanuel Levinas, Theodor Celms, Christopher V. Salmon, Marvin Farber, Dorion Cairns 251 6. Radiations: Felix Kaufmann, Alfred Schutz, Jan Patocka 254 7. Retrospect 257 V. THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF ESSENCES: MAX SCHELER (1874-1928) I. Max Scheler's Place in the Phenomenological Movement 268 2. His Basic Concerns 270 3. Phenomenology in the Development of His Philosophy 273 4. His Conception of Phenomenology 277 a. The Doctrine of the "Phenomenological Controversy" (phanome- nologischer Slreil) 280 b. The Idols of Self-Knowledge 281 c. The Phenomenon of Resistance as the Criterion of Reality 281 d. Scheler's Phenomenological Reduction 283 5. The Place of Phenomenology in His Philosophy 283 6. His Phenomenology in Action 288 a. Value and Oughtness 288 b. Cognitive Emotion 292 c. Ethical Absolutism and Relativity 293 d. Sympathy 295 e. Knowledge of Other Minds 296 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS f. Religion 297 7. Toward an Appraisal of Scheler as a Phenomenologist 300 8. Scheler's Following: Hendrik Stoker, Paul-Ludwig Landsberg 301 Selective Bibliography 304 VI. PHENOMENOLOGY IN THE CRITICAL ONTOLOGY OF NICOLAI HARTMANN (1882-1950) 1. Hartmann's Relation to the Phenomenological Movement 306 2. His Philosophical Objective: Critical Ontology 307 3. The Role of Phenomenology in His Philosophical Development 313 4. His Version of Phenomenology 319 5. Illustrations of His Phenomenology 323 a. "Metaphysics" of Knowledge 323 b.