Kamil Malarski Loss of Rhoticity in South-West England Utrata rotyzujących wariantów wymowy w Anglii Południowo-Zachodniej Rozprawa doktorska napisana na Wydziale Anglistyki Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu oraz w Instytucie Języków Obcych i Tłumaczenia Uniwersytetu Agder w Kristiansand w ramach umowy co-tutelle pod kierunkiem prof. Piotra Gąsiorowskiego (UAM) oraz prof. Allison Wetterlin (UiA) Poznań, 2021 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks. I would like to thank all those who have agreed to take part in this study. Especially, I would like to thank Piotr Gąsiorowski and Allison Wetterlin for their pa- tience in guiding me through the long-overdue work. You’re really great. I wish one day I had a portion of your knowledge of linguistics. I would also like to thank Peter Trudgill who supervised this work for more than a year. I hope you will enjoy the end result. I thank Aidan Coveney who was my mentor at the University of Exeter at the time of performing fieldwork. Aidan, thank you for your kindness. Finally, I thank all those at AMU Poznań and UiA Kristiansand without whom this work would be impos- sible to finish, especially Joanna Pawelczyk, Lise Moss and Gro-Renée Rambø. I would like to thank my mum, my dad and my brother. No, asking “how’s the thing?” wasn’t exactly helpful but always something. My big thank you also goes to all my partners in crime, especially Mateusz Jekiel and Kacper Łodzikowski. Thanks for your immense support. Weronika, thanks for not letting go and sitting next to me long hours in the library. Kamil, thank you for the consultation about statistics. I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues who were keeping their fingers crossed for me. Above anyone else, thank you, Marta, for always being there for me. 2 OŚWIADCZENIE Ja, niżej podpisany/a Kamil Malarski przedkładam rozprawę doktorską pt. Loss of Rhoticity in South-West England („Utrata rotyzujących wariantów wymowy w Anglii Południowo-Zachodniej”) na Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu i oświadczam, że napisałem/am ją samodzielnie. Oznacza to, że przy pisaniu pracy, poza niezbędnymi konsultacjami, nie korzysta- łem/am z pomocy innych osób, a w szczególności nie zlecałem/am opracowania rozprawy lub jej istotnych części innym osobom, ani nie odpisywałem/am tej roz- prawy lub jej istotnych części od innych osób. Jednocześnie przyjmuję do wiadomości, że gdyby powyższe oświadczenie oka- zało się nieprawdziwe, decyzja o wydaniu mi dyplomu zostanie cofnięta. (miejscowość, data) (czytelny podpis) 3 Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ 4 LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... 9 LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ......................................................... 12 LIST OF SPEAKERS ................................................................................................... 13 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 : SCOPE OF THIS WORK ................................................................... 19 1.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 19 1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................... 19 1.3. VARIABLE .............................................................................................................. 20 1.4. REGION AND POPULATION ..................................................................................... 22 1.5. THEORETICAL MODEL ............................................................................................ 23 1.6. PREDICTIONS ......................................................................................................... 26 CHAPTER 2 : SOUTH-WEST AS DIALECT REGION .......................................... 28 2.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 28 2.2. GEOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 28 2.3. DIALECT BOUNDARIES ........................................................................................... 30 2.4. SOCIAL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 30 2.5. ECONOMY .............................................................................................................. 32 2.6. HISTORY OF RESEARCH .......................................................................................... 32 2.7. PERCEPTION AND IDENTITY ................................................................................... 34 2.8. ACCENTUAL FEATURES .......................................................................................... 34 2.8.1. Rhoticity ......................................................................................................... 34 2.8.2. Other consonantal features ........................................................................... 35 2.8.2.1. Glottalization .......................................................................................... 35 2.8.2.2. Voicing of fricatives ............................................................................... 36 2.8.2.3. /w/ deletion ............................................................................................. 37 4 2.8.2.4. /h/ dropping ............................................................................................ 37 2.8.3. Vowels ........................................................................................................... 37 2.8.3.1. KIT ........................................................................................................... 40 2.8.3.2. DRESS ...................................................................................................... 40 2.8.3.3. TRAP ........................................................................................................ 40 2.8.3.4. BATH ........................................................................................................ 41 2.8.3.5. LOT .......................................................................................................... 41 2.8.3.6. STRUT ...................................................................................................... 42 2.8.3.7. FOOT ........................................................................................................ 42 2.8.3.8. NURSE ...................................................................................................... 42 2.8.3.9. FLEECE ..................................................................................................... 43 2.8.3.10. FACE ...................................................................................................... 43 2.8.3.11. SQUARE .................................................................................................. 44 2.8.3.12. GOAT ..................................................................................................... 44 2.8.3.13. NEAR ...................................................................................................... 44 2.8.3.14. PRICE ..................................................................................................... 44 2.8.3.15. CHOICE .................................................................................................. 45 2.8.3.16. MOUTH ................................................................................................... 45 2.8.3.17. THOUGHT ............................................................................................... 46 2.8.4. Other dialectal features ................................................................................. 46 2.9. DIALECT CONTACT PHENOMENA ............................................................................ 48 CHAPTER 3 : RHOTICITY SYNCHRONICALLY ................................................ 49 3.1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 49 3.2. RHOTICITY AS A SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIABLE ........................................................ 49 3.3. ENGLAND .............................................................................................................. 50 3.3.1. Cornwall ........................................................................................................ 52 3.3.2. Devon ............................................................................................................. 52 3.3.3. Dorset ............................................................................................................ 53 3.3.4. Somerset ........................................................................................................ 53 3.3.5. Hampshire ..................................................................................................... 54 3.3.6. Lancashire ..................................................................................................... 54 3.4. ELSEWHERE IN THE BRITISH ISLES ......................................................................... 55 5 3.4.1. Scottish English ............................................................................................