國立臺灣師範大學生命科學系碩士論文 台灣產長腳蛛科蜘蛛(蛛形綱：蜘蛛目) 之分類研究(銀腹蛛屬除外) A Taxonomic study on the Family Tetragnathidae (Arachnida: Araneae) of Taiwan (Except for Genus Leucauge) 研 究 生：蔡 旻 昇 Ming-Sheng Tsai 指導教授 : 陳 世 煌 博士 Shyh-Hwang Chen 中 華 民 國 一百零二年五月 誌謝 從對蜘蛛世界完全不了解到完成這本碩論，我想藉此文表達我對 許多人的感謝。 首先，感謝我的指導教授-陳世煌博士，謝謝老師引領我熟悉蜘 蛛及生態的奇妙世界，並在研究期間給予我許多很棒的建議與指導， 以及論文完稿前一次又一次費心地修改; 同時也感謝兩位口委陳順 其老師及徐堉峰老師百忙之中細心審閱論文初稿，並提供許多寶貴的 意見，使本論文更趨於周延。 再來我想感謝我的父母，一路走來都給予我全力的支持與鼓勵， 讓我無後顧之憂做我有興趣的研究，謝謝爸媽，我完成了! 謝謝實驗 室的學長姐: 典諺、珞璿、嘉容、明哲及宸瑜，在論文研究的期間與 我討論及採集並給予許多不錯的建議; 謝謝文俊學長的指導，雖然人 不在台北也時時給予關心及鼓勵; 謝謝俊志幫了很多忙，在撰寫過程 中有個伴一起努力讓我更有動力支撐下去; 謝謝 BASS 帶我進入攝影 的世界，也給我許多這方面的資訊; 謝謝系壘的大家讓我研究疲憊時 還有個發洩的場所，期望以後還能跟大家一起在球場上揮灑汗水; 謝 謝許多志同道合的大哥大姊: 大尾哥、竹子姊及 Suede 哥 讓我在野 外認識了更多美妙的事物; 謝謝小頭三年來的陪伴，雖然沒能繼續走 下去，但我擁有許多美好的回憶，希望妳能完成妳的夢想; 感謝好友 咚咚，有你這最無話不談的朋友，碩班生活多了許多樂趣; 謝謝三重 高中的同事及學生們，讓我找到人生的方向，我會繼續努力朝夢想邁 進; 謝謝 BuBu 和 ChaCha，雖然妳們只會吃、睡和搗蛋，但是有你們 的陪伴，讓我覺得很幸福; 最後謝謝小孟在碩班最後半年走進我的世 界，有妳的陪伴及鼓勵，讓我擁有更多勇氣面對自己的未來，謝謝妳! 謹將本論文獻給以上我所感謝的師長、親友與家人。 目錄 目錄 ............................................................................................................i 圖目次 ......................................................................................................... v 附錄目次 ..................................................................................................... x 中文摘要 ................................................................................................... xi Abstract ................................................................................................... xiii 壹、緒論 ..................................................................................................... 1 貳、材料與方法 ........................................................................................ 9 一、研究材料 ...................................................................................... 9 二、形態鑑定研究方法 .................................................................... 14 參、結果 ................................................................................................... 16 Family Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866 長腳蛛科 ......................... 18 Subfamily Metinae Simon, 1984 后蛛亞科 ............................. 20 Genus Diphya Nicolet, 1849 雙勝蛛屬 .................................. 22 Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 臺灣雙勝蛛 ............... 23 Genus Dolichognatha O. P.-Cambridge, 1869 長螯蛛屬 ....... 27 Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991 喜蔭長螯蛛 28 Genus Menosira Chikuni, 1955 麥蛛屬 ................................ 33 Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955 美麗麥蛛........................ 34 i Genus Meta C. L. Koch, 1836 后蛛屬 .................................. 38 Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 阿里山后蛛 ...... 40 Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 檜林后蛛 ........... 42 Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 來社山后蛛 . 45 Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa, 1994 黑背后蛛 ................... 47 Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣后蛛 .............. 50 Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 霧鹿后蛛 .............. 54 Subfamily Tetragnathinae Menge, 1866 長腳蛛亞科 ............... 57 Genus Tetragnatha Latreille, 1804 長腳蛛屬 ....................... 58 Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879) 尖尾長腳蛛 ......... 63 Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869 錫蘭長腳蛛 ...... 68 Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890) 細長腳蛛 ........... 75 Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988 江崎長腳蛛 .................. 80 Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988 長沼氏長腳蛛 ........... 84 Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890) 爪哇長腳蛛 .............. 88 Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959 方網長腳蛛 .............. 93 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841 大長腳蛛 ..... 97 Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895 日本長腳蛛 .......... 103 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826) 華麗長腳蛛 ........... 110 ii Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878 前齒長腳蛛 ....... 116 Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879 綠鱗長腳蛛 ........... 122 Subfamily Leucauginae White, 1841 銀腹蛛亞科 .................. 127 Genus Mesida Kulczyn'ski, 1911 天星蛛屬 ........................ 130 Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882) 裝飾天星蛛 ................. 132 Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov. 台灣天星蛛..... 136 Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 印氏天星蛛. ...... 139 Genus Metleucauge Levi, 1980 長蹠蛛屬 .......................... 144 Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa,1992 褐腹長蹠蛛 ........ 146 Metleucauge davidi (Schenkel, 1963) 高山長蹠蛛 ........ 151 Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906) 金比羅長蹠蛛 .................................................................... 155 Genus Okileucauge Tanikawa, 2001 沖繩蛛屬 ................... 159 Okileucauge sasakii Tanikawa, 2001 佐佐木沖繩蛛 ...... 160 Genus Opadometa Archer, 1951 隨蛛屬 ............................. 164 Opadometa grata (Guérin, 1838) 喜隨蛛 ....................... 165 Genus Tylorida Simon, 1894 高腹蛛屬 .............................. 168 Tylorida striata (Thorell, 1877) 條紋高腹蛛 .................. 170 Tylorida tianlin Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003 田林高腹蛛 .. 175 iii Tylorida ventralis (Thorell, 1877) 橫帶高腹蛛 .............. 180 肆、參考文獻......................................................................................... 185 伍、結論 ................................................................................................. 205 iv 圖目次 Figure 1. External features of family Tetragnathidae. ............................ 207 Figure 2. Copulatory organs of family Tetragnathidae. .......................... 208 Figure 3. Different types of female vulva of genus Tetragnatha.. ......... 209 Figure 4. Male cheliceral teeth of Tetragnatha....................................... 210 Figure 5. Male palpal organ. ................................................................... 211 Figure 6. Diphya taiwanica Tanikawa, 1995 .......................................... 212 Figure 7. Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991, Female ............. 213 Figure 8. Dolichognatha umbrophila Tanikawa, 1991, Male ................ 214 Figure 9. Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955, Female ................................ 215 Figure 10. Menosira ornata Chikuni, 1955, Male .................................. 216 Figure 11. Meta alishanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Male .................... 217 Figure 12. Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female .................. 218 Figure 13. Meta kueilinensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Male ..................... 219 Figure 14. Meta laisheshanensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female ........... 220 Figure 15. Meta nigridorsalis Tanikawa,1994, Male ............................. 221 Figure 16. Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female ..................... 222 Figure 17. Meta taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Male ........................ 223 Figure 18 Meta wuluensis Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female. ..................... 224 Figure 19. Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879), Female .................... 225 Figure 20. Tetragnatha caudicula (Karsch, 1879), Male ....................... 226 Figure 21. Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869, Female ................ 227 Figure 22. Tetragnatha ceylonica Cambridge, 1869, Male .................... 228 Figure 23. Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890), Female ................. 229 Figure 24. Tetragnatha chauliodus (Thorell, 1890), Male ..................... 230 v Figure 25. Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988, Female ............................ 231 Figure 26. Tetragnatha esakii Okuma, 1988, Male ................................ 232 Figure 27. Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988, Female ......................... 233 Figure 28. Tetragnatha hiroshii Okuma, 1988, Male ............................. 234 Figure 29. Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890), Female ........................ 235 Figure 30. Tetragnatha javana (Thorell, 1890), Male ............................ 236 Figure 31. Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959, Female ......................... 237 Figure 32. Tetragnatha lauta Yaginuma, 1959, Male ............................. 238 Figure 33. Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, Female ........... 239 Figure 34. Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, Male .............. 240 Figure 35. Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895, Female ...................... 241 Figure 36. Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, 1895, Male .......................... 242 Figure 37. Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), Female ....................... 243 Figure 38. Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), Male ........................... 244 Figure 39. Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878, Female .................... 245 Figure 40. Tetragnatha praedonia L. Koch, 1878, Male ....................... 246 Figure 41. Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879, Female ....................... 247 Figure 42. Tetragnatha squamata Karsch, 1879, Male .......................... 248 Figure 43. Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882). Female ............................. 249 Figure 44. Mesida gemmea (Hasselt, 1882). Male ................................. 250 Figure 45. Mesida taiwanica Tsai et Chen, sp. nov., Female ................. 251 Figure 46. Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003. Female ................... 252 Figure 47. Mesida yini Zhu, Song et Zhang, 2003. Male ....................... 253 Figure 48. Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa,1992, Female ..................... 254 Figure 49. Metleucauge chikunii Tanikawa,1992, Male ........................ 255 vi Figure 50. Metleucauge davidi (Schenkel, 1963), Female ..................... 256 Figure 51. Metleucauge davidi (Schenkel, 1963), Male......................... 257 Figure 52. Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), Female ....................................................................................................... 258 Figure 53. Metleucauge kompirensis (Bösenberg et Strand, 1906), Male ......................................................................................................