Notes Chapter 1 1 Keesing's Contemporary Archives, 16-23 October 1954, citing official US sources. 2 'Three Armored Vehicles May Form Family', Defense News, 8 March 1999. 3 'JSF Price Cap Concerns Experts' and 'F.22s Cost Worries Some in Con­ gress' ,Defense News, 5 April1999. 4 The current relevant document in Joint Interim Requirement Document 3. 'JSF programme office firms work plan', Flight International, 12-13 May 1999. 5 'DoD Pleads for Patience on Missile Defense', Defense News 7-13 De­ cember 1998. Interview with Jacques Gansler, US Undersecretary for Acquisition & Technology, Defense News, 15 March 1999. 'US seeks new MEADS Funding from partners', Jane's Defence Weekly, 24 March 99. 6 'Europeans Doubt US Plan for MEADS-Patriot Union', Defense News, 1 February 1999; 'Revisions Loom For Trinational MEADS Program', De­ fense News, 19 April1999. 7 E.B.Kapstein, 'Towards an American arms trade monopoly', Foreign Af­ fairs Vol. 73, No. 3, May/June 1994, pp. 13-19; Jens van Scherpenberg, 'Transatlantic competition and the European defence industries: a new look at the defence-trade linkages', International Affairs, Vol. 73, No. 1, January 1977, pp. 99-123. 8 ACDA, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers (Washington DC: USGPO, 1999). 9 'Alliance to make "Defence Capability Initiatives" a Reality', Jane's De­ fence Weekly, 5 May 1999. 10 France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. 11 Letter of Intent on Measures to Facilitate the Restructuring of European Defence Industry signed by the Ministers of Defence of France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK, 6 July 1998. 375 376 Notes 12 'Europe Continues Slow March To Consolidation', Defense News, 7-13 December 1998. 13 'Pentagon Pares Cooperative Program Spending', Defense News, 15 Fe­ bruary 1999. 14 See speech by US Deputy Defense Secretary John Hamre of20 Novem­ ber 1998, reported in 'British Strive to Calm US Over Merger', Defense News, 1 March 1999 15 "US Seeks To Boost Defence Links to France" Defense News 26 April 1999. 16 See for instance 'Fuzzy Logic', Flight International, 24-30 March 1999. 17 'Raytheon Sets Sights on Euro Ties', Defence News, 29 March 1999. Chapter 2 1 On early NATO strength, see J. S. Duffield, Power Rules: The Evolution ofNATO's Conventional Force Posture (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 30-3 and H. Z. Lowenstein and V.V. Zuhlsdorff, NATO and the Defense of the West (Greenwood CT: Greenwood Press, 1960), pp. 71-72. 2 At first, Congress allocated the relatively minor amount of $1.314 billion for the MDAP in October 1949. After the start of the Korean War, MDAP and AMP assistance skyrocketed to $5.5 billion in September 1950. US Department of State, Foreign Aid by the United States Government, Basic Data through 31 Dec. 1952, i. Under the OSP, Western European nations received $14 billion in U.S. aid, largely for NATO production. US Depart­ ment of State, Report to Congress on the Mutual Security Program for the Fiscal Year 1960, State Department Publication, 7099, 1961, pp. 20, 75. 3 National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Doc. No. 2202/1997, White House Office, Office of the Special Assistant for Natio­ nal Security Affairs, President's Committee to Study the Military Assistance Program, 16 Sept. 1957, Report on 'Mirror Imaging,' pp. 1-3. 4 T.R. Guay, At Arm's Length: The European Union and Europe's Defense Industry (London: Macmillan Press, 1998), p. 9. Notes 377 5 See H. Haftendom, NATO and the Nuclear Revolution: A Crisis of Credi­ bility, 1966-1967 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); J. E. Dougherty and R. L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr. (eds.), Shattering Europe's Defense Consensus; The Anti­ nuclear Protest Movement and the Future of NATO (Washington, D.C.: Pergamon-Brassey, 1985); C. Bluth: 'Nuclear Weapons and British-German Relations', in B. Heuser and R. O'Neill (eds.): Securing Peace in Europe, 1945-62: Thoughts for the Post-Cold War Era (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992). 6 S.G. Neuman and R.E. Harkavy (eds.), Arms Transfer in the Modem World (London: Praeger Publishers, 1979), pp. 23-24. 7 See S. McKee Rosen, The Combined Boards of the Second World War: An Experiment in International Administration (New York, Columbia Uni­ versity Press, 1951) and R. Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business-Go­ vernment Relations during World War I (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973). 8 R. S. Jordan, The NATO International Staff/Secretariat, 1952-1957: A Study in International Administration (London: Oxford University Press, 1967). 9 C. S. Maier: 'The Making of "Pax Americana": Formative Moments of United States Ascendancy', in R. Ahmann, A.M. Birke and M. Howard (eds.): The Quest for Stability: Problems of West European Security, 1918- 1957 (London: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 420-2. See also M.P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Admi­ nistration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.) 10 L. S. Kaplan, NATO and the United States: The Enduring Alliance (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994), p. 37. 11 Wilfried Loth: 'The Korean War and the Reorganization of the European Security System 1948-1955', in Ahmann, Birke and Howard (eds.): The Quest for Stability, pp. 485-486. 12 NATO, Doc. PL/EW/243. 13 J. McGlade, 'The Illusion of Consensus: American Business, Cold War Aid and the Recovery of Western Europe, 1948-1958', Ph.D. dissertation (Ann Arbor, MI: University ofMichigan Microfilms, 1995). 14 A. Buchan and P. Windsor, Arms and Stability in Europe: A British­ French-German Inquiry (London: Chatto & Windus, 1963), p. 33. 378 Notes 15 George C. Marshall Library, William C. Foster Collection, Box 27, Folders 1-18, MSA Program Proposal- FY 1959, 'Chart of Aid Appropriations, 1948-1959'. 16 NARA, RG 449, ECA, OD, SF, Box 2, File: 'ECA Third Year Report', 1951, pp. 2-4. 17 J. McGlade: 'From Business Reform to Production Drive: The Transfor­ mation of US Technical Assistance to Western Europe', in M. Kipping and 0. Bjamar (eds.): The Americanization of European Business: The Mar­ shall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models (London: Rout­ ledge, 1998), p. 26. 18 The Mutual Security Agency (MSA) acted as the successor agency to the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) which directed the dispersal of Marshall Aid from 1948-1952. 19 J. McGlade, The Illusion of Consensus. 20 NARA, RG 469, ECA, SRIE, PTAD, ITEB, SF, Box 2, File: OEEC­ EPA, 27-30 Aug. 1953, 'Direct Investment by U.S. Producers in European Defense Production: Paris Mission Chiefs Meeting,' pp. 1-2. 21 NARA, RG 469, MSA, SRIE, PTAD, SF, Box 34, File: Defense General 614, 'Mobilization Readiness Program', 1953, pp. 1-2. 22 NARA, RG 469, MSA, OD, GFD, Box 18, File: U.K. 1954, 3 Sept. 1954, 'FOA Mission Report: U.S. Aid to British Aircraft Program', p. 33. 23 NARA, RG 469, MSA, SRIE, PTAD, SF, Box 34, File: Defense- U.K. 614, 30 Mar. 1953, Cablegram on U.K. 1954 OSP Program, p. 4. 24 J. Zeitlin, 'Between Flexibility and Mass Production: Debate and Industrial Reorganization in British Engineering, 1830-1980,' (forthcoming Oxford University Press), Ch. 9, pp. 3-4. 25 D. Edgerton, England and the Aeroplane: An Essay on a Militant and Technological Nation (London: Macmillan Publishers 1991), pp. 88-89. 26 NARA, RG 469, MSA, SRIE, PTAD, SF, Box 34, File: Defense- U.K. 614,30 Mar. 1953, Cablegram on U.K. 1954 OSP Program, pp. 4-5. 27 NARA, RG 469, MSA, OD, GFD, Box 18, File: U.K. 1954 U.K. OSP Aircraft Report, p. 18. 28 J. McGlade: From Business Reform to Production Drive, p. 28-29. Notes 379 29 NARA, RG 469, MSA, PTAD, OD, SF, Box 1, File: 1953 Congressional Presentation, pp. 3-4. 30 Public Records Office (PRO), A VIA 53/6/1549/, Folder #457, 17 Apr. 1953, P.H. Goffrey, Minister of Supply to Rolls Royce Ltd. 31 PRO, AVIA 53, 611549/412, 16 Apr. 1953, Gregory Committee Report, pp. 1-4. 32 PRO, A VIA 53/6/18336, Folder #465, 11 Sept. 1953, MSA Contract to Whitworth Amstrong Aviation Company. 33 NARA, RG 469, MSA, OD, GFD, Box 18, File: U.K. Commodities­ Airplanes, 'UK OSP Aircraft Report 1954', p. 17. 34 PRO, A VIA 53, 6/6315/465, 11 Sept. 1953, MSA Contract with Whitworth Armstrong Aviation Company. 35 PRO, A VIA 53, 6/8435/479, Report on 'Supply of Hunter F1 Aircraft for OSP by Hawker Aviation Company, Blackpool, England, 1954-1957'. 36 Ibid., p. 2. 37 NARA, RG 469, MSA, OD, GFD, Box 18, File: U.K. Commodities - Airplanes, 9 Dec. 1953, H. Stassen to J. Ohly. 38 NARA, RG 469, AID, ODD, MDAC, Box 3, MSA Summaries and Related Documents, 1953-1959. Also see Ine Megens: 'Problems of Military Production Co-ordination'. in Heuser and O'Neill (eds.): Securing Peace in Europe, pp. 285-86. 39 NARA, RG 469, MSA, OD, GFD, Box 18, File: U.K. Commodities­ Airplanes, 9 Dec. 1953, H. Stassen to J. Ohly. 40 NARA, RG 4691, MSA, AA, PTAD, PDS, SF, Box 1, File: Projects­ Industrial, 'Industry Division Projects Report, Italy- 1953,' p. 1. 41 Ibid., pp. 2-3. 42 For a survey of post-war Italian defense manufacturing, see V. S. Pisano: 'The Italian Armed Forces', in L.H. Gann (ed.): The Defense of Western Europe (London: Croom Helm, 1987); F. Andreatta and C. Hill: 'Italy', in J. Howorth and A. Menon (eds.): The European Union and National Defense Policy (London: Routledge, 1997); and G. Perani and M. Pianta: 'The Slow Restructuring of the Italian Arms Industry', in M. Brzoska and P.