This dissertation has been microfihned exactly as received 6 8-2971 DEAL, Andrew Stuart, 1918- THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FANNIA CANICULARIS (L.) AND FANNIA FEMORALIS (STEIN) (DIPTERA: MUSCI- DAE. The Ohio State University, P h . D „ 1967 Entomology University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan Copyright by Andrew Stuart Deal 1967 THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF FANNIA CANICULARIS (L.) AND FANNIA FEMORALIS (STEIN) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Andrew Stuart Dealg BoSo, MoSo ****** The Ohio State University 1967 Approved by Adviser Department of Zoology and Entomology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and assistance of many people in making this study possible. Significant cbntributions were made by individuals and departments of the University of California at Riverside where the laboratory phases of the work were carried out. Thanks go to Dr« G, E, Carman of the Department of Entomology and to Dr. I, Mo Hall of the Department of Biological Control for use of space, materials and equipment. Dr, J, M, Rible of the Agricultural Extension Laboratory gave valuable assistance in making moisture determinations of the fly rearing medium. Others of the Riverside staff who-rendered valuable assistance were Drs, L, D, Anderson, E, C, Bay, W, H, Ewart, Go P, Georghiou, Daniel Gonzalez, R, N, Jefferson, E, L, Reeves, L, A, Riehl, and Mr, E, L, Atkins. Special thanks go to Dr, George B, Alcorn and Mr, H, W, SchwaIm of the Agricultural Extension Adminis­ trative Staff for granting the author time away from his regular duties to carry out the work, and to Miss Lucy M, Allen, Program Leader, Extension Education, and Mr. J. E. Tippett, Agriculturist Emeritus, for guidance in working out sabbatical leave details. Assistance from Dr, T, M, Little in analyzing the data is sincerely appreciated. I wish to express my gratitude to Dr, Ralph H. Davidson, Professor of Entomology at The Ohio State University for his guidance and encouragement throughout the duration of this project, I also wish to express my appreciation to Drs, Davidson, Donald J. Borror and Frank W, il Fisk for their suggestions during preparation of this manuscript. I am very grateful to my secretary, Mrs. Lucille M. Sanchez, and to my laboratory technician, Mr. W. R. Bowen, for patiently and effectively carrying out many of my regular duties during my leave of absence, and to Mrs. Freida M. Bailey for special help. I wish also to thank my wife, Audrey, for her assistance with some of the laboratory work, the typing, and for her enduring patience with author during the course of this work. Funds used for purchase of much of the materials and equipment for use in this project were provided by Julius Goldman's Egg City, Moorpark, California. iii VITA July 3, 1918 ....... B o m - Birch Tree, Missouri 1950 o « ............ B.S., University of California, Berkeley, California 1951 00000.00000 MoSo, University of California, Berkeley, California 1951-1952 0 0.00000 Entomologist, Bio Research Laboratory, California Spray Chemical Corporation, Richmond, California 1952-1956 00 0 0 .0 0 0 Farm Advisor (Entomology), University of California Agricultural Extension Service, El Centro, Imperial County, California 1956-present . Extension Entomologist, University of California, Riverside, California PUBLICATIONS Yellow clover aphid in state. Calif. Agric. 8(9): 5, 1954. Ground pearls on grape roots. Calif. Agric. 8(12): 5, 1954. The Egyptian alfalfa weevil. Calif. Agric. 9(6): 8, 1955. The omnivorous leaf roller, Platvnota stultana Wlshm.. on cotton in southern California: Damage and control. Jour. Econ. Ent. 50(1): 59-64, 1957. The "omnivorous leaf roller," Platvnota stultana Wlshm.. on cotton in California: Nomenclature, life history and bionomics (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)o Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 50(3): 251-259, 1957. A survey of beet leafhopper populations on sugar beets in the Imperial Valley, California, 1953-1958. Jour. Econ. Ent. 52(3): 470-473, 1959. Insecticidal control of lygus bugs and effect on yield and grade of lima beans. Jour. Econ. Ent. 59(1): 124-126, 1965. IV Trials of Ruelene for cattle grub control in southern California. Jour, Econ. Ent, 58(2): 361-362, 1965. Timing lygus bug control increases lima bean yield and quality, Calif. Agric. 19(7): 2-3, 1965. Fly control in cattle feedlots with residual sprays, Calif, Agric, 19(9): 6-7, 1965. The Egyptian alfalfa weevil and its control in southern California, Jour, Econ, Ent, 48(3): 297-300, 1955, TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................. ii VITA ............................................................ iv PUBLICATIONS ..................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................... viil LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .......................................... ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ............................................. 1 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................... 4 Distribution ........................................ 5 Importance to M a n ................................... 7 Biology ............................................ 13 Rearing Media ....................................... 19 III. RELEVANT MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS ........................ 25 The E g g s ............................................ 25 The L a r v a e .......................................... 29 The P u p a e ............................................ 36 IV. MATERIALS AND M E T H O D S ................................. 42 Colony Establishment .............................. 42 Rearing ............................................ 42 Adult Maintenance ................................... 43 Egg Collection ..................................... 45 Vi Chapter Page Obtaining Larvae ........................................ 47 Incubation at Various Temperatures ................... 49 Larval and Pupal Development at Various Temperatures 51 Temperature Cabinets ................................... 53 Effect of Moisture on Development ................... 53 V. THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 61 Effect of Temperature on Incubation ................ 61 Effect of Temperature on Larval and Pupal Development ...................................... 69 VI. THE EFFECT OF MOISTURE - RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . 77 VII. CONCLUSIONS ........................................... 81 VIII. LITERATURE CITED .......................................... 87 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Computation of moisture content of C.S.M.A. medium at end of ten days in moisture control apparatus .... 60 2. Effect of constant temperature on incubation period of Fannia canicularis eggs .............................. 62 3. Effect of temperature on hatch of eggs of Fannia canicularis ..................................... 65 4. Effect of incubation at 93 Fahrenheit for various periods of time on hatching of Fannia canicularis eggs . 65 5. Effect of constant temperature on incubation period of Fannia femoral is e g g s ........................ 67 6. Effect of temperature on hatch of eggs of Fannia femoralis ........................................ 68 7. Effect of incubation at 100 F for various periods of time on hatching of Fannia femoral is e g g s ............ 68 8. Effect of temperature on duration of instars and the total life cycle of Fannia canicularis .............. 71 9. Effect of temperature on the number of flies developing to the adult stage in Fannia canicularis ............ 72 10. Effect of temperature on duration of instars and the total life cycle of Fannia femoral i s ............ 74 11. Effect of temperature on the number of flies developing to the adult stage in Fannia femoral is ........ 75 12. Effect of moisture content of the rearing medium on larval and pupal development of Fannia canicularis . 79 13. Effect of moisture content of the rearing medium on larval and pupal development of Fannia femoralis . 79 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Geographical distribution of Fannia canicularis . ........... 6 2. Geographical distribution of Fannia femoralis .............. .. 8 3. Eggs of Fannia femoral i s ......................................26 4. Drawing of end view of Fannia canicularis egg showing position of wings or flanges after egg is laid . 26 5. Drawing of dorsal aspect of Fannia canicularis egg showing reticulated pattern on the surface ....... 28 6. Drawing of ventral aspect of Fannia canicularis egg showing longitudinal ribbing on surface ................... 28 7. Drawing of dorsal aspect of Fannia canicularis larva showing long rat-tail-like processes which are characteristic of this s p e c i e s ............................. 30 8. Drawing of the dorsal aspect of Fannia femoralis larva showing characteristic dorsal and lateral processes. 30 9. Photomicrograph of the posterior spiracular stalks of the first instar larva of Fannia femoral is showing the two spiracular openings characteristic of this stage . 31 10. Drawing of the posterior spiracular stalks of the first instar larva of Fannia femoral is shown in Figure 9 ... 31 11. Photomicrograph of the left posterior spiracular stalk of the second instar larva of Fannia femoralis ......... 32 12. Photomicrograph of the left posterior spiracular stalk of the third instar larva of Fannia femoralis ............ 32 13. Drawing of