About the Cover: Laboratory Directed Research and Development 2010 proj- ects depicted on the back and front covers (left to right): “New Algorithms to Scale Domain Decomposition Up to BlueGene Architectures,” David Hysom (08-ERD-014); “Strain-Rate Effects on Plasticity and Defects,” James Hawreliak (08-ERD-033); “High- Temperature Thermal X-Radiation Sources at Short-Pulse Lasers,” Marilyn Schneider (08-ERD-024); “Collection of Refractory Debris from the National Ignition Facility for Stewardship- Relevant Measurements,” Dawn Shaughnessy (09-ERD-026); “The Advance of Uncertainty Quantification Science,” Richard Klein (10-SI-013); “Precision Mono-Energetic Gamma-Ray Science for NNSA Missions,” Christopher Barty (09-SI-004); “Advanced Computational and Experimental Analysis of Plasma Equations of State and Transport,” Brian Wilson (08-ERD-027); “Advanced Rare-Event Detectors for Nuclear Science and Security,” Adam Bernstein (10-SI-015); “Coupling Advanced Cryo-Electron Microscopy with High-Performance Computing to Resolve Biomolecular Function,” Felice Lightstone (09-ERD-009); and “Modern Finite Elements for Lagrangian Hydrodynamics,” Tzanio Kolev (09-ERD-034). UCRL-TR-113717-10 Disclaimer Available to DOE and DOE contractors from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information This document was prepared as an account of work spon- P.O. Box 62 sored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither Oak Ridge, TN 37831 the United States Government, Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, Prices available from (423) 576-8401 express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility http://www.osti.gov/bridge/ for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use Available to the public from the would not infringe privately owned rights. 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Acknowledgments The Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program extends its sincere appreciation to the principal investigators of fiscal year 2010 projects for providing the content of the annual report and to the publications team. The program also thanks the following members of the Institutional Science and Technology Office for their many contributions to this publication: Barbara Jackson, administrator; Nancy Campos, database manager; Steve McNamara, computer specialist; and Kristen Croteau, resource manager. We extend particular thanks to Judith Kammeraad, who successfully directed the LDRD Program in 2010, as well as for the two previous years. Scientific Editors: Kenneth Jackson, Paul Chrzanowski, Rob Sharpe Publication Editors: Jeffrey Sketchley, Paul Kotta Proofreader: Karen Kline Publication Designer: Lucy Dobson Acknowledgments LDRD FY10 ANNUAL REPORT i Director’s Statement The Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program, authorized by Congress in 1991 and administered by the Institutional Science and Technology Office at Lawrence Livermore, is our primary means for pursuing innovative, long- term, high-risk, and potentially high-payoff research that supports the full spectrum of national security interests encompassed by the missions of the Laboratory, the Department of Energy, and National Nuclear Security Administration. The accomplishments described in this annual report demonstrate the strong alignment of the LDRD portfolio with these missions and contribute to the Laboratory’s success in meeting its goals. The LDRD budget of $88.7 million for fiscal year 2010 spon- sored 146 projects. These projects were selected through an extensive review process to ensure the highest scientific quality and mission relevance. Each year, the number of deserving pro- posals far exceeds the funding available, making the selection a George Miller, Director tough one indeed. Our ongoing investments in LDRD have reaped long-term rewards for the Laboratory and the nation. Many Laboratory programs trace their roots to research thrusts that began several years ago under LDRD sponsorship. In addition, many LDRD projects contribute to more than one mission area, leveraging the Laboratory’s multi- disciplinary team approach to science and technology. Safeguarding the nation from terrorist activity and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction will be an enduring mission of this Laboratory, for which LDRD will continue to play a vital role. The LDRD Program is a success story. Our projects continue to win national recognition for excellence through prestigious awards, papers published in peer-reviewed journals, and patents granted. With its reputa- tion for sponsoring innovative projects, the LDRD Program is also a major vehicle for attracting and retaining the best and the brightest technical staff and for establishing collaborations with universities, industry, and other scientific and research institutions. By keeping the Laboratory at the forefront of science and technology, the LDRD Program enables us to meet our mission challenges, especially those of national security in an evolving Director’s Statement global context. ii LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY Contents About Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory .............................................................................................. 2 About the FY 2010 Laboratory Directed Research and Development Annual Report ........................................ 3 Program Overview—Innovation for Our Nation .............................................................................................. 4 Structure of the LDRD Program ....................................................................................................................... 5 The LDRD 2010 Portfolio ................................................................................................................................ 6 Highlights of 2010 LDRD Accomplishments .................................................................................................... 8 LDRD Metrics ................................................................................................................................................ 17 Awards and Recognition ................................................................................................................................ 19 Advanced Sensors and Instrumentation Broadband Heterodyne Infrared Spectrometer: A Path to Quantum Noise-Limited Performance— Joseph Tringe (08-ERD-016) ........................................................................................................................... 30 Contents Tracing the Shadows of Planetary Systems—Bruce Macintosh (08-ERD-043) ................................................. 31 Point-of-Care Diagnostic for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus—Jane Bearinger (08-ERD-044) ........................... 32 Cadmium–Zinc–Telluride Sandwich Detectors for Gamma Radiation—Adam Conway (08-ERD-051) ........... 33 Hybridization, Regeneration, and Selective Release of DNA Microarrays— Elizabeth Wheeler (08-ERD-064) ................................................................................................................... 34 Optimized Volumetric Scanning for X-Ray Area Sources—Angela Foudray (09-ERD-045) .............................. 35 Superimposed Plasmonic and Photonic Detection Platform—Sarah Baker (09-LW-003) ................................. 36 Antibiotic Heteroresistance in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Microchemostat Studies at the Single-Cell Level—Raymond Lenhoff (09-LW-112) ............................................................................... 38 Real-Time Space Situational Awareness—Scot Olivier (10-SI-007) ................................................................. 39 Compact, Efficient Lasers for Inertial Fusion–Fission Energy—Robert Deri (10-SI-010) ................................... 40 Embedded Sensors for Monitoring Complex Systems —Jack Kotovsky (10-ERD-043) ...................................... 42 LDRD FY10 ANNUAL REPORT iii Passive, Standoff Detector of High-Density Masses with a Gravity Gradiometer Based on Atom Interferometry—Stephen Libby (10-FS-003) .......................................................................................... 43 Biological Sciences A New Selectable Marker System for Genetic Studies of Select-Agent Pathogens— Brent Segelke (08-ERD-002) .......................................................................................................................... 46 The Elegant Molecular Syringe: Characterizing the Injectisome of the Yersinia pestis Type III Secretion System—Brett Chromy (08-ERD-020)