GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HYDROLOGY Water Science and Technology Library VOLUME 26 Editor-in-Chief V. P. Singh, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A. Editorial Advisory Board M. Anderson, Bristol, U.K. L. Bengtsson, Lund, Sweden A. G. Bobba, Burlington, Ontario, Canada S. Chandra, New Delhi, India M. Fiorentino, Potenza, Italy W. H. Hager, Zurich, Switzerland N. Hannancioglu, Izmir, Turkey A. R. Rao, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. M. M. Sherif, Giza, Egypt Shan Xu Wang, Wuhan, Hubei, P.R. China D. Stephenson, Johannesburg, South Africa The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN HYDROLOGY edited by VIJA Y P .SINGH Department of Civil Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.SA. and M. FIORENTINO Department of Environmental Engineering and Physics, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-90-481-4751-9 ISBN 978-94-015-8745-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8745-7 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1996 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner. To our families: Anita Maria-Rosaria Vinay Arti Table of Contents Preface xiii 1 Hydrologic modeling with GIS 1 Y.P. Singh and M. Fiorentino 1.1 A Short Historical Perspective of Hydrologic Modeling 1 1.2 Hydrology in Environmental and Ecological Continua . 2 1.3 Current Needs in Hydrologic Modeling 3 1.4 Role of GIS ............ 3 1.4.1 What is GIS? ....... 3 1.4.2 Geographical Data Modeling. 4 1.4.3 Applications......... 5 1.5 Hydrologic Modeling with GIS ... 6 1.5.1 Hydrometeorological Forecasting 7 1.5.2 Stormwater Management 7 1.5.3 Watershed Modeling ..... 8 1.5.4 Flood Prediction . 8 1.5.5 Groundwater Modeling .... 9 1.5.6 Non-Point Pollution Modeling . 9 1.5.7 Water Resources Planning ... 10 1.6 Outlook for the Future . 10 2 Integration of Remote Sensing and GIS for Hydrologic Studies 15 S.F. Shih 2.1 Introduction . 15 2.2 Remote Sensing System . 16 2.2.1 Ground-Based Sensors. 16 2.2.2 Airborne-Based Sensors 18 2.2.3 Satellite-Based Sensors 20 2.3 Image Processing System ... 23 2.4 Geographic Information System 23 2.5 Global Positioning System . 23 2.6 Interface Among Remote Sensing, GIS, and GPS 24 2.7 Applications ................ 25 2.7.1 Land UselLand Cover Classification . 26 2.7.2 Precipitation ... 28 2.7.3 Soil Moisture .. 30 2.7.4 Evapotranspiration. 32 2.7.5 Water Extent .... 32 vii viii Table of Contents 2.7.6 Groundwater. 33 2.7.7 Water Quality 35 2.7.8 Runoff. 36 2.8 The Future . 38 3 Hydrologic Data Development 43 M.L. Wolfe 3.1 Introduction .. 43 3.2 A GIS Database 44 3.3 Data Sources .. 45 3.3.1 Maps .. 45 3.3.2 Existing Digital Spatial Data . 49 3.4 Data Input ............. 52 3.4.1 Primary Source Data .... 52 3.4.2 Secondary Source Data .. 53 3.4.3 Criteria for Choosing Modes of Input 57 3.5 Quality of Digital Data . 57 3.6 Integrating Data from Different Sources 59 3.7 Cost of Building a Database ..... 59 3.8 Database Administration and Update. 59 3.9 Summary and Recommendations. 60 4 Spatial Data Characteristics 65 c.A. Quiroga et al. 4.1 Introduction . 65 4.2 Spatial Models . 66 4.2.1 Categorical Approach 66 4.2.2 Object Approach. 68 4.2.3 Deductive Object-Oriented Model . 68 4.2.4 Spatial Data Transfer Standard (SDTS) Model . 70 4.3 Spatial Data Structures . 72 4.3.1 Raster Spatial Data Structures . 72 4.3.2 Vector Spatial Data Structures ........ 76 4.4 Geographic Conceptualization and Standardization Issues 81 4.5 Time in Geographic Information Systems 84 4.5.1 Cartographic Time ..... 84 4.5.2 Models of Spatiotemporality . 85 4.6 Summary........... 86 5 Methods For Spatial Analysis 91 E.B. Moser and R.E. Macchiavelli 5.1 Introduction . 91 5.2 The Variogram . 93 5.2.1 VariogramModels.. 94 5.2.2 Semivariogram Estimation . 94 5.3 Trend Surface Models . 96 5.3.1 Ordinary Least-Squares Estimation 97 5.3.2 Maximum-Likelihood and Restricted Maximum-Likelihood Es- timation . 97 5.4 Ordinary Kriging. 99 5.4.1 Optimal Interpolation 99 Table of Contents ix 5.4.2 The Kriging Equations . 99 5.4.3 De-Trending and Median Polish 101 5.5 Universal Kriging . 101 5.6 Examples........... 102 5.7 Integration Into GIS Software 110 5.8 Conclusions .. 112 6 GIS Needs and GIS Software 115 C. Collet et al. 6.1 Aim of the Chapter. 115 6.2 GIS Concepts and GIS Software . 116 6.2.1 GIS Overview and Concepts . 116 6.2.2 GIS Needs in Hydrology . 120 6.2.3 GIS Software Capabilities . 121 6.3 Geographical Data Base Construction 122 6.3.1 Sources and Spatial Data Acquisition 122 6.3.2 Spatial Data Preprocessing ..... 123 6.4 Geographical Data Base Management System 128 6.4.1 Historical Overview in Computer Sciences 128 6.4.2 Scope of Data Base Management System 130 6.4.3 Description of a DBMS 131 6.4.4 Organising a Data Base 132 6.4.5 Specificity of a GDBMS 136 6.4.6 Illustrative Example . 137 6.5 Exploitation . 140 6.5.1 Information Retrieval 141 6.5.2 Mapping....... 145 6.6 Spatial Analysis and Simulation 146 6.6.1 GIS Operators . 146 6.6.2 Remotely Sensed Data Processing 148 6.6.3 Morphologic Modelling . 149 6.6.4 Dynamic modelling . 150 6.6.5 Object Oriented Modelling, Application in Hydrology . 158 6.6.6 Simulation Applications 163 6.7 GIS Software Selection 169 6.7.1 Selection Keys. 172 7 Digital Terrain Modelling 175 A. Sole and A. Valanzano 7.1 Introduction . 175 7.2 Data Source for Generating DTM 176 7.3 Methods for Creating DTM .. 178 7.3.1 Regular Grids ..... 178 7.3.2 Triangulated Irregular Networks. 182 7.4 Examples of Products that can be Derived from DTM 184 7.4.1 Slope and aspect . 185 7.4.2 Watershed . 187 7.4.3 Drainage networks. 188 7.5 Software.. 190 7.6 Conclusions . 193 x Table of Contents 8 GIS for Distributed Rainfall - Runoff Modeling 195 C. Colosimo and G. Mendicino 8.1 Introduction . 195 8.2 Computed and Observed Data . 199 8.2.1 Topographic Parameters 199 8.2.2 Soil Parameters .... 205 8.3 Mechanisms of Runoff Production . 209 8.4 Infiltration Excess Models .... 213 8.5 Saturation Excess Models .... 218 8.6 Comparison Between the Models Observed 221 8.7 Spatial Variability of the Parameters . 224 8.8 Conclusion............... 229 9 GIS for Large-Scale Watershed Modelling 237 G. W. Kite et al. 9.1 Introduction . 237 9.1.1 Large-Scale Hydrological Modelling. 237 9.1.2 Data Needs of Hydrological Models 239 9.1.3 Remotely Sensed Data. 239 9.1.4 Geographic Information Systems 242 9.2 The SLURP Hydrological Model. 244 9.2.1 The Model Concept . 244 9.2.2 Use of Satellite Data in SLURP . 246 9.2.3 Use of GIS in SLURP . 248 9.2.4 Examples of Recent SLURP Uses 251 9.3 Use of the GIS . 253 9.3.1 GIS System Description . 253 9.3.2 Assembly and Organization of Data 254 9.3.3 Derivation of New Information for Modelling 254 9.3.4 Display and Analysis of Model Results ... 257 9.4 Limitations of Present Geographic Information Systems for Large-Scale Watershed Modelling. 259 9.4.1 The Geographic Model. 259 9.4.2 Traditional (Layer) vs. Object Models 260 9.4.3 Open vs. Closed Systems ...... 262 9.4.4 MemorylSpeedlFuture Developments 262 9.4.5 Formats 262 9.5 Conclusions . 264 10 Lumped Modeling and GIS in Flood Prediction 269 l. Muzik 10.1 Introduction . 269 10.2 Modelling Approaches . 270 10.2.1 LumpedModels 271 10.2.2 Distributed Models. 271 10.2.3 Probabilistic Models . 273 10.3 GIS Modelling Environment . 274 10.3.1 Raster Data Structure 275 10.3.2 Vector Data Structure 276 10.3.3 Digital Elevation Models 276 10.3.4 Data Input . 276 Table of Contents xi 10.4 Lumped Modelling with GIS ..... 277 10.4.1 Unit Hydrograph Derivation . 277 10.5 Conclusions . 298 11 GIS in Groundwater Hydrology 303 S. Gupta et al. 11.1 Introduction . 303 11.2 Role of GIS for Data Integration . 304 11.3 "Loosely Coupled" GIS for Groundwater System Evaluations . 304 11.4 Proposed GIS-Groundwater Modeling Coupling Approach 306 11.5 Groundwater Basin Data Upload . 307 11.6 Conceptual Model Development . 310 11.7 GIS-CFEST Interface ....... 314 11.8 Calibration and Scenario Simulations 314 11.9 Display of Analysis Results ... 321 11.1 OConclusion . 321 12 Nonpoint Source Pollution Modeling (with GIS) 323 C. T. Baan and D.E. Storm 12.1 Introduction . 323 12.2 Model and Data Resolution . 324 12.2.1 Temporal Resolution. 324 12.2.2 Spatial Resolution . 325 12.3 Selection of Climatic Inputs 325 12.4 Parameter Estimation .