CENSUS OF INDIA, 1961 WEST BENGAL & SIKKIM Volume XVI. Part VI (6) V!LLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH ON CHANDRABHAG PROF. (Miss) BELA DUITAGUPTA Reader, Department of Political Science, University of Calcutta VlLlAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH ON CHANDRABHAG P. R. G. 1(l2. G(N) --1,000 - PRI~TED IN I~DIA, By TRE GE~ERAL "I\1:ANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF I~DJA PRESS, OALCUTTA A::-;D PUBLISHED By THE MANAGER OJ<' PUBI.ICATIONS, UIYIL LINES, DELRI, 1969. Price: Rs, 4'25 paise Qr 9 sh. 11 d. or 1$ 53 cents, 1961 CENSUS PUBLICATIONS GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PUBLICATIONS Vol. XVI-West Bengal & Sikkim [All parts will be uniform size, demy quarto 81" X ll~"] PART I-A (i) GENllRAL REPORT (POPULATION PROGRESS) Published PART I-A (ii) GENERAL RllPOR'1 (POPULATION AND SOCIETY) " PART I-B* REPORT ON VITAL STATISTICS " PART I-C SUBSIDIARY TABLES " PART II-A GENERAL POPl:LATIO~ T ADLES " PART II-B (i) GENERAL ECONOMIC TABLES (B-1 TO H-IV) PART n-B (ii) GENERAL ECONOMIC TABLES (B-Y TO B-IX) PART H-C (i) SOCIAL AND CULTURAL TABLFS PART H-C (ii) MIGRATION TABLES (D-T TO D-UI) " PART H-C (iii) MIGRATION TABLES (D-IV TO D-YI) PART III HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC TABLES PART IV (i) REPORT AND MAIN T,l"BLES ON HO[JSING AND ESTABLISHMENTS " PART IV (ii) SUBSIDIARY TA.BLES ON HO{lSING ANn ESTABLISHMENTS " PART V-A (ir~ TABLES ON SCHEDULED CASTES " PART V-A (ii)* T;'ALES ON SCHEDULED TRIDES " PART VI (1-21)* VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS 5 Volumes published; t Volume in Press; The present Volume PART VII-A (i-xii)* REPORT AND TABLES ON SDRVEY OF HANDICRAFTS 4 Volumes published; 1 Volume in Press PART VII-D (1-4)* FAIRS AND FESTIVALS 2 Volumes published; 2 Volumes in Press PART VTII-A ADMINISTRATION REPORT- -ENrMFRA TrON Published (For office use only) PART VITI-B ADMINISTRATION REPORT -TABUl.ATION (For office use only) PART IX* CENSUS ATLAS In Press PART X-A (I) TABLES ON TIlE CALCUTrA TNDUSTRIAL REGION Published PART X-A (ii) TABLES ON THE CALCUTTA [NDUSTRIAL REGION " PART X-B* ALPHABETICAL INDEX of VILLAGES 1n Press "Doe, not relate to Sikklm GOYERNMENT OF WEST BENGAL PUBLICATIONS 16 Volumes of District Census HandbOOk [Distdct Census Handbooks -Maida, West Dinajpur, Hooghly, Calcutta (Vol. II), Coach Behar, Mnrshidabad, Burdwan (Vol. II), Midnapore (Vols. I & II), Birbhum, Bankura, Darjeeling, Nadia, 24-Parganas (Vol T), Jalpaiguri and Howrah published; 1 Volume in press] Collaboration SUKCMAR SlNHA oIthe West Bengal Civil Service, Officer Oil Special Dllty, Census Office, WeST Bengal Art.work & Photographs AR{;NABHA DATTA Artist.fllm·Photographer Diagrams, Charts & Maps JALADHIBHUSAJ\' DASGUPTA /)rnuglttsl1l{/1/ FOREWORD The Census in India has a long tradition of undertaking and promoting investigation on diverse aspects of the socio-economic life of the country. During 1961 Census, on the initiative of my illustrious predecessor Shri A. Mitra, a study of more than 500 villages was taken up. As far as possible these villages were chosen to represent adequately geographical, occupational and ethnic diversity. The brief account of the test of selection is furnished here. (a) The first group of villages was so selected that each of them would contain one dominant community with one predominating occupation; for instance, fisher­ men, forest workers, jhum cultivators, potters, weavers, salt-makers, quarry workers, etc. A village should have a minimum population of 400, the optimum being 500 and 700. (b) The second group of villages was to be of numerically prominent Scheduled Tribes of the State. Each village would represent a particular tribe. The minimum population should be 400, the optimum being 500 and 700. (c) The third group of villages should each be of fair size, of an old and settleo character and contain variegated occupations and be, if possible, multi-ethnic in composition. By fair size was meant a population of 500 and 700 persons or more. The village should mainly depend on agriculture and be su.fficiently away from the major sources of modern communication such as the pistrict administrative head­ quarters and business centres. It should be roughly a dais journey from the above places. The villages were to be selected with an eye to variation in terms 9f size, proximity to city and other means of modern communication, nearness to hills jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be a regional distribution throughout the State of this category of villages. If, however, a particular district contained significant ecological variations within its area, more than one village in the district might be selected to study the special adjustments to them. While the surveys in most of the villages were undertaken by the qualified personnel appointed by the Census Organization, in some cases reputed scholars were invited to take up projects in collaboration with the Census Organisation. I am glad that Prof. (Miss) Duttag~pta offered to take up a village in West Bengal for intensive socio-economic survey. viii For the purpose of the survey a schedule "drawn up by the Census Organization was made available to Prof. (Miss) Duttagupta. It was. however, entirely left to her discretion to make necessary modifications in the schedule. The Social Studies Unit in the Office of the Superintendent of Census Operations, West Bengal, under the guidance of Shri S. Sinha collaborated with her in this project to a considerable extent. This report is a testimony to a useful collaboration between a government organization and private research. My thanks to Prof. (Miss) Duttagupta and the colleagues in the Census Organization who have collaborated with her in the pre­ paration of tlus monograph. A. Chandra Sekhar Registmr GeneraL, India. PREFACE During my stay abroad, I was constantly made to feel at different seminars on Indian Sociology held at the School of Oriental & African Studies and the London School of Economics & Political Science, that I had not seen 'village India' from within. It is indeed true; I spent mostly in towns in Bengal and in the city of Calcutta and had visited a village in East Bengal only once. My knowledge of the Indian social institutions, particularly in the village level, was thus never primary. So, on my return home in 1961, I wrote a personal letter to Sri Asok Mitra, then Registrar General, Government of India, expressing my desire to undertake a village survey w.ithin the competence of the Census department of the Government of India. Mr. Mitra was extremely kind to concede to my wishes. The present monograph is the outcome of a near-adventure request to the Registrar General in 1961. My full-time teaching assignment at the University of Calcutta stood in the way of doing the field-work in the traditional way, i.e., in one long and single spell. Instead, I had to spread it over a period of time, doing the field-work at interval~. I started doing it during the summer holidays, May-June in 1962. I could not be at it again till January 1964 as I was taken seriously ill for months together in 1963. Since January 1964, I visited the village quite a number of times, during short holidays and week-ends. By my repeated visits I was able to develop an informal relationship with the members of the village and it helped me in establishing a rapport with the villagers. Without this rapport it is not easy to see village India from within. My work at Chandrabhag (the village under survey) had really been a pleasure, an experience too. But for this field study in the village my knowledge and conception of Indian social realities would have remained incomplete and absolutely half-done. I sincerely thank all the people of Chandrabhag for their kind and the most ungrudging co-operation with me in my work. lowe my debt of affection specially to Sri Nishit Ghosal, Sri Deepak Banerjee and Sm. Arati Banerjee for their constant help throughout the period of survey. I will be failing in my duties if I do not offer my sincerest thanks to the authorities of the Sreekrishna Girls' Higher Secondary School for providing me with accommodation in the School quarters during the period of my survey. Last but not least, lowe my debt of gratitude to the Census department, West Bengal, in general, and to Sri S. Sinha, in particular, for helping me in different ways. Though my investigation in the village was done primarily according to the schedules supplied by the Census department, I took occasional liberty in inserting extra-schedule information whenever possible. I hope this has not marred the scientific rigour of the village study. Bela Duttagupta CONTENTS vii FOREWORD ix PREFACE xi CONTENTS 1 CHAPTER I 3 The Village The setting-3. Physical aspect-3. So:1-3. Crops-4. Flora and fauna--4. Climate-5. Hi~tory-5. Population-6. Introducing Chandrabhag-9. Location-9. History-9. Neighbourhood-1I. land and soil-l1. Land-tenure-ll. Housing and household arrangement-ll. Flora and fauna-12. Extension Service-12. Communication-12. Education - 13. Health and medical facilities-l3. Water supply and sanitation-14. local Self­ Government and co-operatives-14. 15 CHAPTER II 17 People and Their Material Culture Demographic pattern-I7. Caste composition-18. Population of Chandrabhag according to caste and sex-20. Marital status-23. Residential patterns and resources of Chandrabhag-25. Buildings and dwelling houses-25. Household goods-28. Dress-29. Food-30. Family and kinship pattern-3I. Struc1ure-3I. Actual birth-35. Namakarana and Annaprasana-36. Paita or Upana_vana-37. Marriage-37. Disposal of the dead and the funeral rites-41.