Family: Arecaceae Taxon: Gaussia attenuata Synonym: Aeria attenuata O. F. Cook (basionym) Common Name: llume palm Puerto Rican gaussia palm palma de sierra Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: L Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 0 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 y 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 ? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 n Print Date: 10/17/2012 Gaussia attenuata (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 7 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 n 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 y 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: L WRA Score 0 Print Date: 10/17/2012 Gaussia attenuata (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 7 Supporting Data: 101 2008. Roncal, J./Zona, S./Lewis, C.E.. Molecular [Is the species highly domesticated?? No evidence] "Of the 113 genera in this Phylogenetic Studies of Caribbean Palms subfamily, only 13 occur in the West Indies. Gaussia has three species [G. (Arecaceae) and Their Relationships to attenuata (O.F. Cook) Becc., G. princeps H. Wendl., G. spirituana Moya and Biogeography and Conservation. Botanical Leiva] distributed in Cuba, Hispaniola, and Puerto Rico, on well-drained limestone Review. 74: 78-102. hills or mogotes (Quero & Read, 1986; Moya et al., 1991)." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 1986. Quero, H.J./Read, R.W.. A Revision of the [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Distribution. Palm Genus Gaussia. Systematic Botany. 11(1): Endemic: Puerto Rico" 145-154. 202 1986. Quero, H.J./Read, R.W.. A Revision of the [Quality of climate match data 2-High] Palm Genus Gaussia. Systematic Botany. 11(1): 145-154. 203 2012. Dave's Gardern. PlantFiles: Llume Palm - [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Hardiness: USDA Zone Gaussia attenuata. 10a: to -1.1 °C (30 °F) USDA Zone 10b: to 1.7 °C (35 °F) USDA Zone 11: above http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/67365/. 4.5 °C (40 °F)" … " Hopeless in zone 9b where I tried it several times, but some [Accessed 17 Oct 2012] have had success in warmer zone 10as in southern California." 203 2012. Horticopia Inc.. Gaussia attenuata - llume [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No] "Hardiness Range: 9A - Palm. 10B" http://www.horticopia.com/hortpix/html/gauatt000. htm. [Accessed 17 Oct 2012] 203 2012. Palmpedia. Gaussia attenuata. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? No evidence] "Very slow, http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Gaussia_attenuata and intolerant of cold." [Accessed 17 Oct 2012] 204 1986. Quero, H.J./Read, R.W.. A Revision of the [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] Palm Genus Gaussia. Systematic Botany. 11(1): "Distribution. Endemic: Puerto Rico" 145-154. 205 2012. Palmpedia. Gaussia attenuata. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural http://www.palmpedia.net/wiki/Gaussia_attenuata range? Questionable. Cultivated in Hawaii and Florida, but unclear how common [Accessed 17 Oct 2012] in cultivation] 301 2007. Randall, R.P.. The introduced flora of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence from Australia] Australia and its weed status. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Glen Osmond, Australia 301 2008. Meyer, J-Y./Lavergne, C./Hodel, D. R.. [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] Time Bombs in Gardens: Invasive Ornamental Palms in Tropical Islands, with Emphasis on French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) and the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean). Palms. 52: 71-83. 301 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 301 2012. Wagner, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Khan, N./Flynn, [Naturalized beyond native range? No evidence] T.. Hawaiian Vascular Plant Updates: A Supplement to the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Ferns & Fern Allies. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawai ianflora/supplement.htm 302 2007. Randall, R.P.. The introduced flora of [Garden/amenity/disturbance weed? No evidence] Australia and its weed status. CRC for Australian Weed Management, Glen Osmond, Australia 303 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 304 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Environmental weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia Print Date: 10/17/2012 Gaussia attenuata (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 7 305 2008. Meyer, J-Y./Lavergne, C./Hodel, D. R.. [Congeneric weed? No evidence] Time Bombs in Gardens: Invasive Ornamental Palms in Tropical Islands, with Emphasis on French Polynesia (Pacific Ocean) and the Mascarenes (Indian Ocean). Palms. 52: 71-83. 305 2012. Randall, R.P.. A Global Compendium of [Congeneric weed? No evidence] Weeds. 2nd Edition. Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia 401 1986. Quero, H.J./Read, R.W.. A Revision of the [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Unarmed palms medium height…" Palm Genus Gaussia. Systematic Botany. 11(1): 145-154. 401 2005. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P./Strong, M.T.. [Produces spines, thorns or burrs? No] "Palm 8-12 (30) m tall; trunk basally Monocots and Gymnosperms of Puerto Rico and enlarged to 25 cm in diam., tapering upwardly to a minimum diam. of (5-) 7-10 cm the Virgin Islands. Contributions from the United just below the leaves. Leaves mostly 5-7, erect or spreading; petiole sheath States National Herbarium. 52: 1-415. green, 20-30 cm long; leaves (including petiole and sheath) 1-1.8 m long, with angular rachis; leaf-segments numerous, the longest ones 20-30 cm long, 3 cm broad, the more distal ones much shorter, all acute to acuminate at apex. Inflorescences much shorter than the leaves; panicle branches numerous and densely arranged, simple or forked, up to 25 cm long. Flowers sessile, orange- yellow, the staminate ones ca. 3 mm long, the pistillate ca. 2 mm long. Fruits obovoid, orange-red, 8-10 mm in diam." 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Allelopathic? Unknown] 403 1986. Quero, H.J./Read, R.W.. A Revision of the [Parasitic? No. Arecaceae] "A tall palm sometimes more than 20 m high, erect, Palm Genus Gaussia. Systematic Botany. 11(1): sometimes slightly leaning." 145-154. 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. [Unpalatable to grazing animals? Unknown] 405 2008.