GERMAN-SPEAKING TRAVELLERS IN SCOTLAND, 1800 - 1860, AND THEIR PLACE IN THE HISTORY OF EUROPEANTRAVEL LITERATURE VOLUME THREE APPENDIX A. BIOGRAPHICALSUPPLEMENT 8. 'FONTANE AND SCOTLAND' : REVIEW OF THE CRITICAL RESEARCH TO DATE 61 -iv i k3 i. APPENDIX Date of Pace Visit A. BIOGRAPHICAL SUPPLEMENT Introduction ii Christian August Gottlieb Goede (1774-1812) 1802-3 1 Joseph Frank (1771-1842) 1803 4 Johanna Schopenhauer (1766-1838) 1803 7 Andreas (1764-1822) NY790) Philipp 'emnich 17 (? ) Georg Holzenthal -? 1812-14 20 Samuel Heinrich Spiker (1786-1858) 1816 24 Eduard Meissner (1785-1868) 1817 27 1820, '21, Heinrich Meidinger (1792-1867) 32 '24, '25-6 Carl Otto (1795-1879) 1822 35 Maximilian von Löwenthal (1799-1872) 1822 37 [Victor Aim6 Huber (1800-1869) 1823-4] - Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-1841) 1826 40 Ignaz Moscheles (1794-1870) 1828 46 Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy (1809-1847) 1 1829 48 Karl Klingemann (1798-1862) ) Wilhelm von Horn (1803-1871) 1830 54 Friedrich von Raumer (1781-1873) 1835 57 Emil Isensee (1807-1845) 1835 61 Karl Hailbronner (1789-1864) von 1836 65 Franz Pulszky (1814-1697) Karl Theodor Maria Hubert (1768-1862) 1839 74 von Hallberg-Broich Karl Friedrich Heinrich Marx (1796-1877) 1841 86 Johann Georg Kohl (1808-1878) 1842 90 Carl Gustav Carus (1789-1869) 1844 101 [Ida von Hahn-Hahn (1805-1880) 18463 - Julius Köstlin (1826-1902) 1849 114 [Alfred Meissner (1822-1885) 1850) - Heinrich Karl Brandes (1798-1874) 1850 117 Fanny Lewald (1811-1889) 1850 122 Gustav Friedrich Waagen (1794-1868) 1850 (Further visits to GB & possib ly Scotland, '51, '54, 135 '56 & '57) Ludwig Rellstab (1799-1860) 1851 139 Ernst Förster (1800-1885) 1851 146 Alexander Ziegler (1822-1887) 1851, '57-8 149 (? ) Rudolph Wichmann -? '1851-2 153 (? ) Moritz von Kalckstein -? 1852 157 [Helmuth (1800-1891) 1855 von Moltke - Titus Ullrich (1813-1891) 1857 162 Bernhard Lepel (1818-1885) von 1858 Theodor Fontane (1819-1898) 166 B. ! Fontane and Scotland': Review of the Critical Research to date 178 a) Reception 1855-1900 179 b) Research from 1900 188 Notes 209 Bibliography 220 ii. A. BIOGRAPHICAL SUPPLEMENT INTRODUCTION With a few exceptions, the German-speaking travellers who left accounts of their Scottish visits during the first six decades of the nineteenth century are to-day unknown. It has thus been considered necessary to supplement the discussion of their works with biograph- ical information. In each case emphasis has been laid on the years preceding the Scottish visit and on those influences which will have had a bearing on the traveller's attitude to his or her tour of Scotland. This biographical study serves to explain attitudes and points of view, while revealing that many of the travellers were important and esteemed public figures in their day, with interests ranging from commerce to medicine, politics to the Arts. Only a few lived off their travels, with professional concern for geography or anthropology; for the rest concern for these subjects was genuine enough, but travel and travel-writing merely provided them with a fashionable and enjoyable pastime. As a group of men and women writing from'the standpoint of varying age and means, a 'romantically' inspired Scottish visit is often the only common point of comparison; biographical background thus becomes all the more relevant. The travellers are treated in chronological order of their visits rather than alphabetically or according to dates of birth. This is particularly relevant with regard to their knowledge of works on Scotland already published prior to their tours. Information on four of the visitors is referred to in the Bibliography alone. In the case of Victor Aime Huber this is because I was able to refer to his acoount only in the final stages of my research; the remaining three, Ida Gräfin Hahn-Hahn, Alfred Meissner and Helmuth Graf von Moltke, did not leave sufficient account of their visits to warrant further investigation. Meissner, however, is mentioned with regard to his father, Eduard. For the most part the biographical reference works referred to have been restricted to contemporary publications or to those published within a few decades of the death of the traveller concerned. In some cases, the travellers' autobiographies have been consulted. On account of obvious translation difficulties, titles and rank and names of institutions have mostly been left in the original German. A brief outline of each individual tour is also given. 1. GOEDE Christian August Gottlieb Goode (variously Ode) was born in Dresden on 20th February, 1774. He studied law in Leipzig and gained a doctorate from that university. From 1802-3 he accompanied the Legationsrath Baron von Blümner on a journey through Britain and his work, England, Wales, Irland und Schottland. Erinnerungen an Natur und Kunst aus einer Reise in den Jahren 1802 und 1803, is the result of this tour. Goode also spent some time in Paris but felt ill at ease with French people and customs. He was later to return to London alone in order to work on his proposed detailed study of the British Isles. From London he moved to Göttingen and here he gave up his legal profession in favour of the study of the natural sciences, in particular medicine. At this stage, he even planned to return to London to practise as a medical doctor there, but in 1805 he abandoned this idea to take up a post as Ausserordentlicher Professor der Rechte und der Philosophie at Jena. His dissertation, Jus Germanicum Privatum, was published in GGttingen in the following year. Also in 1806 he completed and edited a legal text book which had been left of unfinished by a deceased colleague, K. W. Patz. The loss a further work, which was mislaid and never recovered after Goads's own death, was considered by one of his friends to be greats Sollte sich dies Manuscript nicht wiedergefunden haben? Der Verlust wäre um so betrübender, da ein Werk dieser Art von einem so tiefdenkenden, kenntnissreichen, sorgfältigen und gewissenhaften Manne der deutschen Geschichte und Literatur zu einem bleibenden Denkmale gereichen würde. (quoted in Ersch/Cruber, voll. p. 61) Goode was still not content with his profession, however. His old friend, the novelist Friedrich Laun (1770-1849)1, recounts in his memoirs that Goode visited him at this time in Dresden and was depressed and gloomy. Firmly anti-French, and all the more so after the Battle of Jena in October, 1806, Goode was all set to leave Jena. He packed a few things together and had a horse and cart waiting, when a deputation of two fellow professors came to him from a Senate meeting to try to persuade him to stay and work for the safety of Jena which was not yet in the hands of the French. Fearing repercussions after an essay he had written attacking Napoleon, Goode fled refused and the town. He was offered a chair in Rostock as 2. professor of Law and was on his way there when he was offered the equivalent post in Göttingen and decided to accept the latter. He took up this post in 1807. In Göttingen he was to become very close (1751-1821) to the writer Christian Leberecht Heyne - "an Heyne fand Gönner für ihn Freund" er ... einen und väterlich sorgenden (Ersch/Gruber, vol. 1, p. 60). Coeds proved himself a popular lecturer, especially in view of the changes brought about by political events; he was to put forward the opinion that a legal system based on Roman and British law was no longer adequate. He made close and careful study of the Greek orators in order to enhance his own lecturing style, but even though he was still only in his thirties his hard work soon began to tell on his physical condition and friends, col- leagues and doctors finally persuaded him to take a travel break. He returned to Paris, but instead of resting, he renewed his academic labours with vigour. Having become acquainted with the orientalist, Sylvestre de Sacy, he could not resist throwing himself into the study of Arabic. This was to be the ruin of his health, however, and he was forced to return to Göttingen, where he died on 2nd July, 1812, aged 38. One of his friends said of him: Wer ihn kannte und seine wahrhaft edle, herzlich gute Natur, sein unermüdetes redliches Streben, der konnte dem herr- lichen, nur durch Mixgeschick aller Art um den Frohsinn seiner tadellosen Jugend gebrachten Manne den innigsten Antheil nicht versagen. (quoted in Ersch/Gruber, vol. 1, p. 61) Although Goode scarcely so much as mentions Scotland in his work on Britain, it is nonetheless of significance here on account of its wide popularity; Dbring considers it his main work. Many of the later travellers refer to Goode (for instance Niemeyer, Maidinger 2) and Spiker, Maidinger calling him "der klare, gemüth-und geistvolle Göde (nicht Goethe)"! (Maidinger, Risen, p. iii). The first three parts of England, Wales, Irland und Schottland were published in Dresden in 1804, parts four and five in 1805. Goode had also published excerpts from parts four and five in the 'Dresdener Abendzeitung' that year. Parts one to four deal almost exclusively with London, part five with some of the West of England and part six, a project which never in fact appeared, was to have dealt with Ireland. The three volume second edition ("2te völlig umgearbeitete u. verbesserte Ausgabe") was published by Arnold in 1806, also in Dresden. The work was translated into English first as The Stranger in England. or 3. Travels in Great Britain; containing remarks on the politics, laws, etc. of that country (3 volumes, London 1807). It was also published in Dutch translation at Haarlem in 1805 - 7.