Notes Full publication details, where not supplied here, will be found in the relevant sec­ tions of the Select Bibliography. General Introduction l. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, I, p. 47. 2. R. J. Kerner, The Urge to the Sea: The Course of Russian History- The Role of Rivers, Portages, Ostrogs, Monasteries and Furs (New York, 1971 ). 3. See G. V. Vernadsky, Ancient Russia (New Haven, Conn., 1943); P. P. Tolochko et al (eds), Drevnie slaviane i Kievskaia Rus (Kiev, 1989). 4. See K. Hannes tad and others., 'Varangian Problems', Scando-Slavica, Supplement I (Copenhagen, 1970). See also the controversial study by 0. Pritsak, The Origin of Rus (Cambridge, Mass., 1981). 'Normans' are usually said to be settlers of later generations, but all four terms - Normans, Norsemen, Varangians and Vikings- have been used here interchangeably. Part One Medieval Russia: Kiev to Moscow Introduction 1. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, I, pp. 360-1, finds feudal obligations less binding in Russia than in the West. Martin, Medieval Russia, pp. 372-99, has a chapter on 'Conclusions and Controversies'. See also T. Kuryuzawa, 'The debate on the genesis of Russian feudalism in recent Soviet historiography' in T. Ito (ed.), Facing Up to the Past: Historiography under Perestroika (Sapporo, 1989). Ch. 1 The Construction and Collapse of Kiev, 882-1240 1. Cross, The Russian Primary Chronicle, p. 59. See T. S. Noonan, 'Why the Vikings first came to Russia', Jahrbiicher fiir Geschichte Osteuropas, vol. 34 (1986). 2. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, I, p. 204. P. P. Tolochko, Drevniaia Rus: ocherki sotsialno-politicheskoi istorii (Kiev, 1987) gives a judicious summary view of early Kievan developments. On the 'aristocratic diaspora', see Robert 364 NOTES TO CHAPTER 1, PAGES 8-21 Bartlett, The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950-J350(London, 1994),pp. 24-59. 3. Tolochko, Drevniaia Rus, pp. 26-7. On Riurik and Oleg, see Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, pp. 57-8. 4. Rybakov, Early Centuries, p. 4. 5. Ibid., p. 42. 6. See A. N. Sakharov, Diplomatiia Sviatoslava (Moscow, 1991 ). 7. Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, pp. 73-4. 8. See, for example, Poppe, The Rise of Christian Russia. See also Kak by/a kreshchena Rus (Moscow, 1988). 9. Martin, Medieval Russia, pp. 373-80. Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, pp. 265,275,369-71, are unhappy about the application of the words 'state' and 'federation' to Rus, tentatively preferring 'collegiate cousinhood' and suggesting that 'The idea of an emerging political culture is more appropriate to the times than that of a fixed political system'; 'there was no "state", but perhaps there were the beginnings of a nation'. 10. Tolochko, Drevniaia Rus, pp. 80-3; Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, pp. 257-8. II. Cross, The Russian Primary Chronicle, p. 142. 12. Tolochko, Drevniaia Rus, pp. 89-90. · 13. Cross, The Russian Primary Chronicle, p. 187. 14. Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, pp. 275-7; 369-71. Tolochko, Drevniaia Rus, p. 223, argues that the disintegration of the eleventh and twelfth centuries has been exaggerated. 15. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, I, pp .. 239, 247-9; V. 0. Kliuchevskii, Boiarskaia duma drevnei Rusi (Moscow, 1909), p. 12. 16. Ibid., p. 13. 17. Grekov, Kiev Rus, p. 70. See also, for example, P. P. Tolochko, Drevnerusskii feodalnyi gorod (Kiev, 1989), pp. 79-99. 18. Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, pp. 103-5. 19. Blum, Lord and Peasant, p. 25; Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, p. 133. 20. Grekov, Kiev Rus, p. 347. 21. Cross, The Russian Primary Chronicle, pp. 308-9. 22. Tikhomirov, The Towns, p. 149; B. A. Rybakov, Remeslo drevnei Rusi (Moscow, 1948). 23. Vernadsky, Kievan Russia, pp. 121-30. 24. In his Kievskaia Rus (Leningrad, 1980) I. Ia. Froianov rejects the predomi­ nance of elite landholding, and thus plays down the feudal nature of Kievan society. The Grekov view is updated by M. V. Sverdlov, Genezis i struktura feodalnogo obshchestva v drevnei Rusi (Leningrad, 1983). 25. Grekov, Kiev Rus, p. 497. 26. Rybakov, Early Centuries, pp. 66-77. 27. Fedotov, The Russian Religious Mind, I, p. 412. 28. Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, pp. 238-43. 29. Fedotov, The Russian Religious Mind, I, pp. 84, 94, 244, 380-1. On Vladimir Monomakh, see the study by D. Obolensky in Six Byzantine Portraits (Oxford, 1988). The name 'Monomakh' came from his Byzantine mother. 30. See, for example, J. L. I. Fennell, 'The Recent Controversy in the Soviet Union over the Authenticity of the Slovo ', in L. H. Legters (ed.), Russia: NOTES TO CHAPTER 1-2, PAGES 22-31 365 Essays in History and Literature (Leyden, 1972); D. S. Likhachev, 'Slovo o polku Igoreve': istoriko-literaturnyi ocherk (Moscow, 1982). See also D. S. Likhachev, The Great Heritage: the Classical Literature of Old Rus (Moscow, 1981). 31. See, for example, M. W. Thompson (comp. ), Novgorod the Great: Excavations at the Medieval City (London, 1967). See also Simon Franklin, 'Literacy and Documentation in Early Medieval Russia', Speculum, 60 (1985). 32. Fedotov, The Russian, I, p. 380. 33. Seaman, History, p. I. 34. Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, p. 355. V. N. Lazarev is sceptical in L'Art de Ia Russie medievale et /'occident: XI-XV siecles, XIIIe Congres International des Sciences Historiques (Moscow, 1970) pp. 21-2. See also Hamilton, The Art, pp. 35, 49. 35. Obolensky, Byzantium, p. 35. See also A. N. Konrad, Old Russia and Byzantium: The Byzantine and Oriental Origins of Russian Culture (Vienna, 1972); 1. Meyendorff, Byzantium and the Rise of Russia (Cambridge, 1981). 36. Rybakov, in Pletneeva et al. (eds), Istoriia SSSR, I, p. 682; Grekov as in note 25 above. 37. Franklin and Shepard, The Emergence, p. xvii. Ch. 2 Invasion and Disunity, 1240-/462 I. Grekov, Kiev Rus, p. 642. 2. R. V. Viatkin and S. L. Tikhvinskii, 'Some Problems of Scholarship in the CPR', Soviet Studies in History, vol. 2, no. 4 (1963--4) p. 53. 3. Vernadsky, The Mongols, p. I. 4. Fennell, The Emergence, pp. 9-10. 5. Zenkovsky, Medieval Russia's Epics, p. 18. 6. 1. 1. Saunders, 'Matthew Paris and the Mongols', in Essays in Medieval History Presented to Bertie Wilkinson, T. A. Sandquist and M. R. Powicke (eds) (Toronto, 1969). 7. Smirnov, Short History, p. 59; Fennell, The Crisis, pp. 120-1. 8. Vernadsky, The Mongols, p. 338. 9. Ibid., p. 90. Charles Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde, pp. 60, 102-3, 119, 125. See also V. V. Trepavlov, 'Eastern Influences: The Turkic Nobility in Medieval Russia', Coexistence, vol. 32, no. 1 (1995) pp. 9-16. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, II, p. 43, suggests that 'the power of the khan gave an illusion of unity to the fragmented and mutually alienated Russian princi­ palities'. 10. Crummey, The Formation, p. 40. 11. Kliuchevskii, Sochineniia, II, pp. 5-27. 12. Presniakov, The Formation. 13. Fennell, The Emergence, p. 110. 14. L. V. Cherepnin, Obrazovanie russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva v XIV-XV vekakh: ocherki sotsialno-ekonomicheskoi i politicheskoi istorii Rusi (Moscow, 1960). For a different interpretation, see V. A. Kuchkin, Formirovanie gosudarstvennoi territorii severo-vostochnoi Rusi v X-X/Vvv (Moscow, 1984). 366 NOTES TO CHAPTER 2, PAGES 32-38 15. M. K. Liubavskii, Obrazovanie osnovnoi gosudarstvennoi territorii veliko­ russkoi narodnosti: zaselenie i obedinenie tsentra (Leningrad, 1929). See also 0. P. Backus, 'The Problem of Feudalism in Lithuania, 1506-1548', Slavic Review, vo!. 21 (1962); 'The Problem of Unity in the Polish-Lithuanian State', Slavic Review, vo!. 22 (1962); and Motives of West Russian Nobles in Deserting Lithuania for Moscow, 1377-1514 (Lawrence, Kansas, 1957). See also Martin, Medieval Russia, pp. 389-93. 16. Smirnov, Short History, p. 56. See also, for example, Gavin Hambly (ed.), Central Asia (London, 1969) pp. 151, 162, 172. 17. Vernadsky, The Mongols, pp. 216-19. 18. R. A. French, 'The introduction of the three-field agricultural system', in Bater and French, Studies, vo!. I, pp. 65-81, points out the difficulty of trying to be precise. 19. G. F. Kochin, Selskoe khoziaistvo na Rusi v period obrazovaniia russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva: konets Xlll-nachala XVlv (Moscow­ Leningrad, 1965) p. 434. See also A.M. Sakharov, 'Rus and its Culture in the Thirteenth to Fifteenth Centuries', Soviet Studies in History, vo!. 18, no. 3 (1979-80) pp. 28-34. Smith, Peasant Farming, p. 1, believes that 'lack of earlier data compels us to concentrate on the period from the fifteenth century.' 20. Cherepnin, Obrazovanie, chs 2 and 3. See also A.M. Sakharov, 'The Town­ Center of Feudal Dominance', and 'The Urban Population', Soviet Studies in History, vo!. 18, no. 3 ( 1979-80). Some Soviet historians considered it inappropriate to apply the term 'feudal' to Russia before the fourteenth or even the fifteenth century. See also E. Levin (ed.), 'Studies of Medieval Novgorod', Studies in Soviet History, vo!. 23 (1985), and Martin, Medieval Russia, pp. 393-7. 21. M. N. Tikhomirov et al. (eds), lstoriia SSSR, II, pp. 81-2; Janet Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia (Cambridge, 1986). 22. Florinsky, Russia, p. 129. 23. Miliukov, Outlines, I, p. 10. 24. A.M. Sakharov, inN. A. Smirnov (ed.), Tserkov v istorii Rossii 1Xv-1917g; kriticheskie ocherki (Moscow, 1967) pp. 74-8. 25. Vernadsky, The Mongols, p. 380. 26. V. N. Lazarev, Andrei Rublev (Moscow, 1960) p. 23. D. Likhachev, Reflections on Russia (Oxford, 1991) p. 125, deems the Trinity 'our greatest treatise of the beginning of the fifteenth century.' 27. A. A. Zimin et al., in Tikhomirov et al., Istoriia, II, pp. 357-8. 28. See generally, Sakharov as in number 19 above and R. R. Milner-Gulland, 'Russia's Lost Renaissance', D. Daiches and A. Thorlby (eds), Literature and Western Civilization, vol. 3 (London, 1974).