03 6/9 GUJARATSTATE HIGHWAYS PROJECT: PHASE IIA ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized OF THE UNAVA BYPASS E-228 VOL. 4 <T ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~*I Public Disclosure Authorized . ..__.._....._._._________...._____. .*.. Public Disclosure Authorized Decmbe198j Project Co-ordinating Consultancy Services A World Bank Project Draft Final Report - Volume 2B Preparedfor Public Disclosure Authorized TheGuiamt Govemfnent of ~~~~~~~N.D.Lea International Ltd. The Govemmentof Gujarat ~~~~~~~~~~inassociation with Roads and Buildings DeparbTwnt Lea Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. i2 6 December4m 1998 Contents Table of Contents List of Tables x List of Figures Xi Executive Summary 1. Introduction 1-1 1.1. OVERVIEWOF GUJARATSTATE HIGHWAYSPROJECT 1-1 1.2. PREAMBLE 1-1 1.3. NEED OF STUDY 1-2 1.4. SCOPE 1-3 1.5. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1-3 1.6. AIM AND OBJECTIVES 1-3 1.7. METHODOLOGY 1-4 1.7.1. Selectionof projectalignment 1-5 1.7.2. Profile of baselineconditions 1-5 * Naturalenvironment 1 5 Socialenvironment 1-6 * Culturalenvironment 1-7 1.7.3. Prediction and evaluationof impacts 1-7 1.7.4. Environmentalmanagement plan (EMP) 1-7 1.7.5. Resettlementaction plan (RAP) 1-7 1.8. ABSTRACT . 1-8 2 INSTITUTIONALAND LEGALSETTING 2-1 2.1. INSTITUTIONALSETTING FOR HIGHWAYPROJECTS 2-1 2.1.1. Gaps and deficiencies 2-1 2.1.2. The EMU 2-1 2.1.3. Targets and tasks of the EMU 2-2 * Targets 2-2 * Tasks 2-2 2.1.4. The establishedEMU 2-3 * Establishment 2-3 a Technicalexperts and organisation 2-3 * The taskforce 2-3 Le Associates Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. I: Environmental Impact Assessment for tne Unava Bypass * Functionsof the EA specialistand the R&Rspecialist in the EMU 2-3 2.2. THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2-3 2.2.1. Natural environment 2-3 * Forest(conservation) act 2-3 * Environmentalimpact assessment notification 2-4 * Wildlife(protection) act --4 * Waterand air (preventionand controlof pollution)acts 2-4 * Motorvehicles act 2-4 * Policylevel inaclequacies 2-5 2.2.2. Socialenvironment 2-5 * Laws,regulations and policies 2-5 * Resettlementand rehabilitationprecedence 2-5 * Policydeficiences 2-6 * Entitlementframnework in Unava bypass project 2-6 2.2.3. Cultural environment 2-6 Laws.regulations and responsibilities 2-6 * Policyinadequacies 2-7 2.2.4. Managementand road constructionissues 2-7 i Equityand welfare provisions in the Unavabypass project 2-8 * Environmentalconservation provisions in the Unavabypass project 2-9 * Publicsafety and healthprovisions in Unavabypass project 2-11 3. Selection of alignment 3-1 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3-1 3.2. ALTERNATIVES 3-1 3.2.1. Alternative 1 3-1 3.2.2. AlternativeIt 3-1 3.2.3 Alternative III 3-2 3.2.4 Selectionof projectalternative 3-2 3.2.4 1. Selectionof criteria and paramelers 3-2 3.3. ALTERNATIVEI 3-5 3.3.1. Naturalenvironment 3-5 3.3.2. Social environment 3-5 3.3.3. Cultural environment 3-5 3.3.4. Critical areas 3-6 3.4. ALTERNATIVE11 3-6 3.4.1. Naturalenvironment 3-6 3.4.2 Social environment 3-6 3.4.3. Cultural environment 3-6 3.4.4. Critical areas 3-7 3.5. ALTERNATIVEIII 3-7 LeaAssociates II~~*RD , Table of Contents 3.5.1. Natural environment 3-7 3.5.2. Social environment 3-7 3.5.3. Cultural environment 3-7 3.5.4. Critical areas 3-8 3.6. SELECTION OF FINAL ALIGNMENT 3-8 4. Project description 4-1 4 1. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY AREA 4-1 4.2. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT 4-1 4.2.1. Meteorology 4-1 * Climate 4-1 * Temperatureand humidity 4-3 * Rainfall 43 Wind 43 * Specialweather phenomenon 4-3 * Micro-meteorologyof the study area 4-3 4.2.2. Ambient air quality 4-4 * Selectionof samplinglocation 4-4 * Parametersmonitored 4-5 * Methodologyof sampling and analysis 4-5 * Resultsand discussions: 4-6 4.2.3. Water 4-9 * Hydroiogicalresources 4-9 * Rainfall 4-9 * Surfacewater 4-9 e Groundwater - 4-10 * Landformand drainage 4-11 4.2.4. Water quality 4-12 * Groundwater 4-12 * Surfacewater 4-12 * Methodologyof sampling of analysis 4-12 - * Results & discussions 4-13 * Physicalcharacteristics 4-13 * Chemical characteristics: 4-13 4.2.5. Noise 4-16 * Introduction 4-16 * Site selection criteria 4-16 * Methodology 4-16 * Analysis and evaluationof data 4-18 4.2.6. Soils 4-20 * Geologicalresources 4-20 * Soil type 4-20 * Land utilisation 4-21 4.2.7. Ecology 4-22 Lea Associates -wGo jjj~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i Gujarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. II: Environmentat Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass * Flora 4-22 * Fauna 4-23 * Domesticfauna and fodder sources 4-23 * Protectedareas and other sensitiveareas 4-23 * Croppingpattern 4-24 4.3. SOCIO-ECONOMICENVIRONMENT 4-24 4.3.1. Demographicprofile 4-24 * Areaand population 4-24 * Populationdensity 4-26 * Scheduledcastes and scheduled tribes 4-26 4.3.2. Socio-economicprofile 4-26 * Workforce participation ratio 4-26 * Occupationalpattern 4-27 * Literacylevel 4-29 * Sexratio 4-29 4.3.3. Amenities profile 4-29 4.4. CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT 4-32 4.4.1. Cultural/archaeologicalproperties 4-32 4.4.2. Type, size and distribution 4-32 4.4.3. Cultural properties along the state highway 4-33 4.5. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONDETAILS 4-34 4.5.1. Geometric designs 4-34 4.5.2. Pavementdesigns 4-35 * Crossdrainage structures 4-35 * Constructionmaterial 4-38 * Sourceand volumeof materials 4-38 * JManpowerand days required 4-38 - Costestimates of the bypass 4-39 5. Environmentalimpact assessment 5-1 5.1. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION 5-1 5.2. ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT PREDICTION 5-1 5.2.1. Methodology 5-1 5.2.2. Impact identificationmatrix 5-1 5.3. BENEFITS FROM THE PROJECT 5-4 5.3.1. Natural environment . 5-4 5.3.2. Social environment 5-4 5.3.3. Cultural environment 54 5.3.4. Cost-benefit analysis 5-5 5.4. IMPACTS ON THE PHYSICAL RESOURCES 5-5 5.4.1. Hydrology 5-5 LeVAssociates Table of Contents * Alterationto drainage 5-5 * Impactson surfacewater bodies 5-6 * Impactson waterquality 5-6 * Useof localwater resources for construction 5-8 5.4.2. Air quality impacts 5-8 * Pre-constructionphase 5-8 * Constructionphase 5-8 * Operationphase 5-9 5.4.3. Soils 5-9 * Constructionphase 5-10 * Operationphase 5-12 5.4.4. Noise 5-12 * Humanhealth: 5-12 * Vibration: 5-12 * Constructionphase impacts 5-12 * Operationphase impacts 5-12 5.5. ECOLOGICALRESOURCES 5-13 5.5.1. Fisheries 5-13 5.5.2. Forests and flora 5-13 • Forests 5-13 * Flora 5-13 * Trees 5-13 * Fauna(wildlife and domestic) 5-14 5.6. HUMAN USE VALUES 5-14 • Navigation 5-14 - Landuse 5-14 * Landseverance 5-14 * Transportpattems -- 5-15 * Crops 5-15 * Industries 5-15 * Workers'accidents risk 5-15 * Workershealth risks 5-16 5.7 QUALITY OF LIFE VALUES 5-16 5.7.1. Social environment 5-16 5.7.2. Archaeologicaland historicalvalue 5-17 5.8. CONCLUSION 5-17 6. Environmentalmanagement plan 6-1 6.1. EMP WITHIN THE PROJECTCYCLE 6-1 6.2. DESIGN PHASE 6-1 6.2.1. Physicalenvironment 6-1 * Drainageand floodingof roads 6-1 * Erosionprotection measures 6-3 Lej Assoc,ates v Guiarat State Highways Project: Phase IIA - Vol. I/: Environmental Impact Assessment for the Unava Bypass 6.2.2. Cultural environment 6-3 6.2.3. Social environment 6-3 6.3. PRE-CONSTRUCTION 6-3 6.3.1. Removal of trees 6-3 6.3.2. Land acquisition 6-3 6.3.3. Relocationof utilities 6-4 6.4. CONSTRUCTION 6-4 6.4.1. Physical environment 6-4 * Soils 6-4 * Water 6-6 * Air pollution 6-8 * Noise 6-9 * Flora 6-9 * Fauna 6-10 * Socialenvironment 6-10 * Lossof access 6-10 * Workersaccident risks 6-10 * Workers'health risks 6-11 6.4.2. Cultural remains 6-12 * Environmentalenhancement 6-12 6.5. OPERATION PHASE 6-13 1.1.2 accident risks 6-13 6.5.1. Air pollution 6-13 6.5.2. Noise 6-13 6.5.3. Dust generation 6-13 6.5.4. Accidents involving hazardous materials 6-13 6.5.5. Contaminationfrom spills due to accidents 6-14 6.5.6. Maintenanceof storm water drainage 6-14 6,6. MONITORING 6-14 6.6.1. Air quality monitoring 6-14 6.6.2. Noise monitoring 6-14 6.6.3. Water quality monitoring 6-14 6.7. LANDSCAPE PLAN 6-15 7. Resettlementand rehabilitationaction plan 7-1 7.1. INTRODUCTION 7-1 7.1.1. Project description 7-1 7.1.2. Extent of impacts 7-1 7.1.3. Basic premises of the R&R 7-2 7.2. THE ENTITLEMENT FRAMEWORKFOR GHSP 7-2 LeaAssoctles VI Table of Contents 7.2.1. Units of entitlement 7-2 * Entitlementsfor project-affectedhouseholds (PAHs) 7-2 * Entitlementsfor project-affectedpeople (PAPs) 7-4 * Entitlementsfor project-affectedgroups (PAGs) 7-4 7.2.2. The principles 7-6 7.2.3. Definitions 7-6 7.2.4. Entitlements 7-8 * Lossof privateproperty 7-8 * Loss of livelihood,crops and shelter e 7-11 * Effectson communitiesand groups 7-14 * Relocationassistance and temporaryaccommodation 7-15 * Host communities 7-15 * Taxes andgovernment fees 7-15 * Temporaryconstruction-related impacts 7-15 7.3. PUBLIC HEARING 7-16 7.4. MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT 7-16 7.4.1. Resettlement of PAPs 7-16 7.4.2. Market value assessment 7-16 7.4.3. Right to salvage materials 7-16 7.4,4. Moving arrangements 7-17 7.4.5. Income generation and training 7-17 7.5. ESTIMATE OF COST AND BUDGET 7-17 7.5.1.