BOTANIC GARDENS, PEOPLE AND PLANTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD BOTANIC GARDENS, PEOPLE AND PLANTS FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD FOLLOWING THE 8TH EUROGARD CONGRESS HELD IN LISBOA, MAY 7TH-11TH 2018 Edited by Mª DALILA ESPÍRITO SANTO ANA LUÍSA SOARES MANUELA VELOSO Revised by Members of the Scientific Programme Committee 8TH EUROGARD CONGRESS SECRETARIAT Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World 8th European Garden Congress, Lisbon, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword 4 Congress Committees 6 Proceeding papers by theme Theme A: Botanic Gardens and Science 8 Theme B: Botanic Gardens and Global Change 44 Theme C: Biodiversity conservation activities 70 Theme D: Role of Botanic Gardens in the Education Programmes 138 Theme E: Sustainability of Botanic Gardens 182 Theme F: Heritage, Culture and Tourism in Botanic Gardens 208 Index 257 3 Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World 8th European Garden Congress, Lisbon, 2018 8th European Garden Congress, Lisbon, 2018 FOREWORD On behalf of the European Botanic Gardens Consortium (EBGC), the University of Lisbon and In addition to the GSPC, botanic gardens need to continue to engage with other key global Jardim Botânico da Ajuda (Botanic Garden of Ajuda) on the occasion of its 250th anniversary policies, strategies and initiatives, such as the UNFCCC, the CBDs Nagoya Protocol, the organized the 8th European Congress of Botanic Gardens – EuroGard VIII, that was held World Heritage Convention, CITES, IPBES, the Florence Charter on the restoration of historic in Lisbon, 7th-11th may 2018. Under the theme “Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a gardens, and many other national and international conventions, policies, initiatives and Sustainable World”, it was intended to address many of the issues to which Botanic Gardens frameworks that are also relevant to their work in cultural, heritage, educational and social are contributing, in particular raising public awareness of environmental conservation issue. challenges that our planet faces. EuroGard VIII bring together the participation of Botanic Gardens in Europe and other world regions. Moreover, the 15th Symposium of the Ibero- Support for botanic garden directions was also welcomed from the representative of the Macaronesian Association of Botanic Gardens took place at the same time, during which DG environment of the European commission, Humberto Delgado Rosa, who pointed out the aim was to assess the work carried out to meet the Aïchi Biodiversity Targets adopted the range of existing European instruments relevant to botanic gardens, including the by the Iberian-Macaronesian botanic gardens for 2020. European Plant Conservation Strategy and the European Commission’s Biodiversity Action Plan, as well as National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans. The special importance The Congress included a diverse range of subjects and topics on biodiversity conservation, of ensuring that botanic gardens are in full compliance with the CBDs Nagoya Protocol on especially related to plants and the complex and extensive roles of botanic gardens. It Access and Benefit Sharing was pointed out, as well as the EUs regulation on Access and emphasized how Botanic Gardens have been actively involved in shaping national and benefit sharing too. The Congress was particularly successful in showcasing a wide range international policies and practices in plant conservation. They continue to have an of projects, case studies, initiatives that clearly demonstrate outstanding progress in many influential role at all levels through their engagement with governments (that are Parties areas of endeavour related to their collective mission. to the Convention on Biological Diversity), and through their involvement in the Global Partnership for Plant Conservation (GPPC). While Europe is well supported with its own botanic gardens, many regions of the world that are rich in biodiversity still have too few and many are very under resources or It is acknowledged that botanic gardens come from very different roots but since 2002, supported. The European botanic garden can and should play important roles in supporting the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), and its update in 2010, has provided a north south cooperation and partnering with such institutions and in capacity building. focus and primary framework to guide Botanic Gardens’ activities in strategic and practical The development of new models for botanic gardens in other regions of the world can contributions to plant conservation; The roles of Botanic Gardens in supporting the GSPC are be explored too to ensure that they are most suited to local situations and needs. Such manifold, from contributions of smaller gardens to single targets to potential contributions models may highlight too closer integration with other sectors, beyond the botanical to all 16 targets by larger, better resourced, botanic gardens. community, to link with agriculture, forestry, and commercial horticulture too, as well as protected area networks and national environmental protection authorities. Linkages It was pointed out during the Congress that we are coming to a crucial time for plant with communities at local levels were especially recommended, both in the urban and conservation policies as the GSPC targets are due to be attained by 2020. It is therefore rural environment. Achieving sustainable communities is an essential part of attaining a essential that botanic gardens should redouble their efforts for the GSPC targets and sustainable environment. take a prominent role in the process of negotiating a renewed Global Strategy for Plant Conservation for the period after 2020. It is likely that this update will consider the Lisbon, May 11th, 2018 importance of the Sustainable Development Goals and be even more closely aligned with the Aichi Targets than they have been previously. The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals Dalila Espírito Santo provide an opportunity for botanic gardens to integrate more fully their work with more Head of Eurogard VIII Congress socio-economic concerns which impact on the conservation of biodiversity worldwide. Peter Wyse Jackson Chairman of GPPC, Honourable President of ECBG 4 5 Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World 8th European Garden Congress, Lisbon, 2018 8th European Garden Congress, Lisbon, 2018 HOW TO CITE This book: Espírito-Santo, M.D., Soares, A.L. & Veloso, M. (eds) 2020. Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World. IsaPress. Lisboa. 259 pp. An article from this book: CONCEIÇÃO, S., RÓIS, A.S. & CAPERTA, A.D. 2020. Utilization of Limonium Ex Situ Collections to Study the Occurrence of Apomixis. In: Espírito-Santo, M.D. et al. (eds), in Botanic Gardens, People and Plants for a Sustainable World. IsaPress. Lisboa. p. 9-13. CONGRESS COMMITTEES HONOUR COMMITTEE President of Republic, Professor Marcelo Rebelo de President of Linking Landscape, Environment, Sousa Agriculture and Food Research Centre, Professor Ministry of Education, Professor Tiago Brandão Helena Oliveira Rodrigues Director of National Museum of Natural History, Dr. Ministry of Agriculture, Dr. Luís Capoulas Santos José Pedro Sousa Dias Rector of the University of Lisbon, Professor António President of Lisbon Municipality, Dr. Fernando Medina Cruz Serra President of Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua, S.A., Dr. ORGANIZING COMMITTEE President of Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Professor Manuel Baptista Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), Instituto Superior Infrastructure, Climate and Energy Amarílis Varennes de Mendonça de Agronomia (ISA), Jardim Botânico da Ajuda (JBA) Parques de Sintra-Monte da Lua, S.A. (PSML) Dalila Espírito Santo, General Coordination Nuno Oliveira SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Elsa Breia, Administration Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) ADVISORY COUNCIL Maria Cristina Duarte (ULisboa, FCUL (Faculty of Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Superior de Suzanne Sharrock Ana Luísa Soares (ULisboa, ISA, LEAF, Portugal) Science), cE3c, Lisbon, Portugal; AIMJB) Agronomia, LEAF – Linking Landscape, Environment, Joachim Gratzfeld – Coordinator Marko Hyvärinen (EBGC, Finnish Museum of Natural Agriculture and Food European Botanic Gardens Consortium (EBGC) Alvaro Bueno (AIMJB, Jardín Botánico Atlantico, Gijón, History) Pedro Arsénio, Secretariat Maïté Delmas Spain ) Mats Havström (EBGC, Göteborg Botanic Garden, Ibero-Macaronesian Association of Botanic Gardens Global Partnership for Plant Conservation (GPPC) Ana Caperta (ULisboa, ISA, LEAF, Portugal) Sweeden) (AIMJB) Peter Wyse Jackson António Gouveia (UNESCO Cathedra, AIMJB, Coimbra Matthew Jebb (EBGC, National Botanic Gardens of Álvaro Bueno UNESCO Portugal Botanic Garden, Portugal) Ireland) Friends Association of Jardim Botânico da Ajuda Elizabeth Silva Costantino Bonomi (EBGC, Museo delle Scienze, Michael Kiehn (EBGC, Botanischer Garten der (AAJBA) Secretariat of the Convention on Biological diversity Trento, Italy) Universitat Wien) Sónia Azambuja, Treasurer (CBD) Cristina Castel-Branco (ULisboa, ISA, CEABN, Portugal) Paulo Farinha Marques (AIMJB, Porto Botanical Fátima Matias, Administration Robert Hoft Eleni Maloupa (EBGC, Balkan Botanic Garden of Garden, University of Porto, Portugal) Câmara Municipal de Lisboa Pedro Ivo Arriegas Kroussia, Greece ) Pedro Casimiro (AIMJB, Faial Botanic Garden, Azores, José Sá Fernandes, Councilor for Environment, Green José Carlos Brito (University