Wodaabe 1 Wodaabe Wodaabe A group of traveling Wodaabe. Niger, 1997. Total population 45,000 in 1983 Regions with significant populations Niger, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria Languages Fula Religion Islam, Oriental Orthodoxy, African traditional religion Related ethnic groups Fula The Wodaabe (Fula: Woɗaaɓe) or Bororo are a small subgroup of the Fulani ethnic group. They are traditionally nomadic cattle-herders and traders in the Sahel, with migrations stretching from southern Niger, through northern Nigeria, northeastern Cameroon, and the western region of the Central African Republic.[1] [2] The number of Wodaabe was estimated in 1983 to be 45,000.[3] They are known for their beauty (both men and women), elaborate attire and rich cultural ceremonies. The Wodaabe speak the Fula language and don't use a written language.[3] In the Fula language, woɗa means "taboo", and Woɗaaɓe means "people of the taboo". "Wodaabe" is an Anglicisation of Woɗaaɓe. [3] [4] [5] [6] This is sometimes translated as "those who respect taboos", a reference to the Wodaabe isolation from broader Fulbe culture, and their contention that they retain "older" traditions than their Fulbe neighbors.[7] In contrast, other Fulbe as well as other ethnic groups sometimes refer to the Wodaabe as "Bororo", a sometimes pejorative name,[5] translated into English as "Cattle Fulani", and meaning "those who dwell in cattle camps".[8] By the 17th century, the Fula people across West Africa were among the first ethnic groups to embrace Islam, were often leaders of those forces which spread Islam, and have been traditionally proud of the urban, literate, and pious life with which this has been related. Both Wodaabe and other Fulbe see in the Wodaabe the echos of an earlier pastoralist way of life, of which the Wodaabe are proud and of which urban Fulbe are sometimes critical.[5] [9] The Wodaabe culture is one of the 186 cultures of the standard cross-cultural sample used by anthropologists to compare cultural traits. Wodaabe 2 Everyday life The Wodaabe keep herds of long-horned Zebu cattle. The dry season extends from October to May. Their annual travel during the wet season follows the rain from the south to the north.[10] Groups of several dozen relatives, typically several brothers with their wives, children and elders, travel on foot, donkey or camel, and stay at each grazing spot for a couple of days. A large wooden bed is the most important possession of each family; when camping it is surrounded by some screens. The women also carry calabashes as a status symbol.[3] These calabashes are passed down through the generations, and often provoke rivalry between women. The Wodaabe mostly live on milk and ground millet, as well as yogurt, sweet tea and occasionally the meat of a goat or sheep. This is a rarity for them as they don't often have enough animals to spare for meat.[11] Religion, morals and customs Wodaabe religion is largely but loosely Islamic. Although there are varying degrees of orthodoxy exhibited, most adhere to at least some of the basic requirements of the religion.[12] Islam became a religion of importance among Wodaabe peoples during the 16th century when the scholar al-Maghili preached the teachings of Muhammad to the elite of northern Nigeria. Al-Maghili was responsible for converting the ruling classes among Hausa, Fulani, and Tuareg peoples in the region.[1] [2] The code of behavior of the Wodaabe emphasizes reserve and modesty (semteende), patience and fortitude (munyal), care and forethought (hakkilo), and loyalty (amana). They also place great emphasis on beauty and charm.[13] Parents are not allowed to talk directly to their two first born children, who will often be cared for by their grandparents. During daylight, husband and wife cannot hold hands or speak in a personal manner with each other.[3] Marriage The Wodaabe are sexually liberal; unmarried girls may have sex whenever and with whomever they wish.[11] The Wodaabe practice polygamy. The first marriage is typically arranged among members of the same lineage by parents when the couple are infants (called koogal); later additional "love marriages" (teegal) are also possible, when a woman leaves her husband and joins another one.[14] A bride Young suitors perform the Yaake dance in a Gerewol festival, Niger 1997 stays with her husband until she becomes pregnant after which she returns to her mother's home, where she will remain for the next three to four years. She will deliver the baby at her mother's home and then she becomes a boofeydo which literally means "someone who has committed an error." While she is boofeydo, she is not allowed to have any contact with her husband, and he is not allowed to express any interest in either her or the child. After two to three years, she is permitted to visit her husband, but it is still taboo that she should live with him or bring the child with her; this only becomes permissible when her mother has managed to purchase all the items that are necessary for her home.[15] Wodaabe 3 Beauty ideal and Gerewol festival At the end of the rainy season in September, Wodaabe clans gather in several traditional locations before the beginning of their dry season transhumance migration. The best known of these is In-Gall's Cure Salée salt market and Tuareg seasonal festival. Here the young Wodaabe men, with elaborate make-up, feathers and other adornments, perform the Yaake: dances and songs to impress marriageable women. The male A Yaake dance performed for tourists, Niger 1997 beauty ideal of the Wodaabe stresses tallness, white eyes and teeth; the men will often roll their eyes and show their teeth to emphasize these characteristics. Wodaabe clans then join for the remainder of the week-long Gerewol: a series of barters over marriage and contests where the young men's beauty and skills are judged by young women.[16] Documentaries and popular culture The 1989 documentary Wodaabe - Herdsmen of the Sun by Werner Herzog describes the Wodaabe. The Niger-based band Etran Finatawa is composed of Wodaabe and Tuareg members and creates their unique style of "Nomad Blues" by combining modern arrangements and electric guitars with more traditional instruments and polyphonic Wodaabe singing. In 2005 they recorded an album and toured Europe. Married Wodaabe women are mentioned in part four of the BBC series The Human Animal for having the right to take a different married man as a sexual partner. Young Wodaabe women Two Wodaabe A young woman judging the beauty of men at with facial tattoos men a Gerewol Wodaabe 4 References [1] "People of Africa" (http:/ / www. africanholocaust. net/ peopleofafrica. htm#w). "African Holocaust Society". [2] "Wodaabe People" (http:/ / www. uiowa. edu/ ~africart/ toc/ people/ Wodaabe. html). "University of Iowa ". [3] Carol Beckwith, Niger's Wodaabe: "People of the Taboo" (http:/ / iws. collin. edu/ mbailey/ wodaabe. pdf). National Geographic, 1983, vol. 164, no4, pp. 483-509 [4] Loftsdóttir, Kristín. Birds of the Bush: Wodaabe Distinctions of Society and Nature (http:/ / www. njas. helsinki. fi/ pdf-files/ vol10num3/ kristin. pdf). Nordic Journal of African Studies Vol. 10(3) 2001, pp. 280 - 298 [5] Carol Beckwith. An Interview with Carol Beckwith (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ stable/ 3336256). African Arts, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Aug., 1985), pp. 38-45 [6] Mette Bovin (2001), p.11 [7] Loftsdóttir, Kristín. When nomads lose cattle: Wodaabe negotiations of ethnicity. African Sociological Review 2004, 8(2): 52-76 [8] EA BRACKENBURY. NOTES ON THE "BORORO FULBE" OR NOMAD "CATTLE FULANI" (http:/ / afraf. oxfordjournals. org/ cgi/ pdf_extract/ XXIII/ XCI/ 208) African Affairs, vol. XXIII, number 208, 1924 [9] Mette Bovin (2001), p.13 [10] Gabrielle Lyon, The Wodaabe (http:/ / www. projectexploration. org/ niger2000/ wodaabe_feature_3. htm) [11] Amanda Jones, Wodaabe of the Sahara - Niger (http:/ / www. amandajonestravel. com/ writing/ wodaabe. html) [12] "Wodaabe religion" (http:/ / www. gateway-africa. com/ tribe/ wodaabe_tribe. html). "Africa.com". [13] Beckwith, Carol, and Angela Fisher. African Ceremonies. New York: Harry N Abrams, 1999. [14] Christine Nesbitt, The Wodaabe's Cure Salée (http:/ / www. christinehills. co. za/ feature. php?action=displayfeature& conf[featureid]=127& conf[userid]=1016) [15] "African Marriage Ritual" (http:/ / www. africanholocaust. net/ news_ah/ africanmarriageritual. html). "African Holocaust Society". [16] Niger's dandy Gerewol festival (http:/ / travel. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ life_and_style/ travel/ destinations/ africa/ article453610. ece), The Times, 4 July 2004 • Beckwith, Carol. Nomads of Niger. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1993. • Beckwith, Carol. Niger's Wodaabe: People of the Taboo (http:/ / iws. collin. edu/ mbailey/ wodaabe. pdf), National Geographic, October 1983 • Bovin, Mette. Nomads who cultivate beauty: Wod̳aab̳e dances and visual arts in Niger (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=xwWegkE7Q3EC). Nordic Africa Institute, 2001 ISBN 9789171064677 External links • Website of Djingo, the Wodaabe collectif in Niger (http:/ / www. djingo. net) • Article on the creation of the Wodaabe collectif (http:/ / home. scarlet. be/ iez/ Wodaabe_article_EN. pdf) • Report on a 2001 trip with a Wodaabe group to Cure Salée (http:/ / www. palinstravels. co. uk/ book-1954), from Sahara with Michael Palin Photos and videos • Gerewol photos by BBC Human Planet photographer (http:/ / humanplanet. com/ timothyallen/ 2011/ 01/ gerewol_wodaabe_niger_bbc-human-planet-deserts/ ) • Video of Wodaabe dance (http:/ / www. evtv1. com/ player. aspx?itemnum=5238) • Video of Gerewol festival (http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=Dm1tN3SmDWs), National Geographic • Wodaabe dancer photos: part 1 (http:/ / www. projectexploration. org/ niger2000/ wodaabe_feature. htm), part 2 (http:/ / www. projectexploration. org/ niger2000/ wodaabe_feature_2. htm) • Mr Sahara 2004 (http:/ / www. enkidumagazine. com/ articles/ 2003/ 161203/ E_024_161203. htm) • The Wodaabe's Cure Salée (http:/ / www. christinehills. co. za/ feature. php?action=displaythumbnails& conf[featureid]=127& conf[userid]=1016) by Christine Nesbitt • Festival of the Nomads - Cure Salée (http:/ / www.