VOLCANO MONITORING IN THE PHILIPPINES MARITON V. BORNAS Volcano Monitoring & Eruption Prediction Division Philippine Institute of Volcanology & Seismology PHIVOLCS DOST Active, Inactive & Potentially Active Volcanoes of the Philippines • 300 volcanoes • 20-30 Potentially Active • 23 Active PHIVOLCS DOST VOLCANO MONITORING Integrated strategies for indirect measurement of the condition of the magmatic system beneath the volcano for eruption prediction What happens beneath an active volcano until it erupts? USGS Normal phase - monitored parameters are within the background level Magma intrusion- increased localized earthquake activity, increased steam/gas , ground swelling Pre-eruption phase- intensifying volcanic activity Eruption phase- hazardous surface volcanic processes TYPICAL ERUPTION PRECURSORS • Increase in frequency of • Ground deformation; quakes with occasional uplift or subsidence felt events and • Fissuring accompanied by • Sulfuric odor and acrid rumbling sounds fumes • Increase in caldera • Fish kills and drying up lake/ fumarole/ hot of vegetation spring temperature • Phreatic eruptions, • Development of new increased steaming in thermal areas and craters reactivation of old ones • Crater glow PHIVOLCS DOST PHIVOLCS DOST PHIVOLCS Strategic Initiative for mitigating volcanic eruptions: PROGRAM PROGRAM DESCRIPTION PROGRAM OBJECTIVES PHIVOLCS’ core program for To provide timely warning and integrated monitoring of the country’s accurate prediction of volcanic most active volcanoes unrest / eruption in order to ensure Efficient 24/7 operations of manned safe living of communities with Volcano Observatories, remote real- volcanoes time monitoring networks, end-to-end data acquisition systems, periodic CONTRIBUTING TO THESE field-based methodologies STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES NATIONAL State-of-the-art technology 1. Provided highly accurate and application and systems automation, timely warning and information VOLCANO database development, technical capacity-building and implementation 2. Developed cost-effective MONITORING & of operational standards monitoring and warning system High-quality geophysical, geodetic, WARNING 3. Effective, efficient systems, geochemical and other observation procedures, structures data Establishing precursory patterns of 4. Highly responsive and volcanic unrest competent organization Support volcano information, warning and eruption prediction services 5. Accurately predicted and simulated events PHIVOLCS DOST National Volcano Monitoring & Warning Program: Strategies Operations & Maintenance of Volcano Observatories & Remote Stations Frontline monitoring services, on-site monitoring infrastructure and Human Resource in communities on active volcanoes o 6 manned Volcano Observatories (Taal, Mayon, Bulusan, Kanlaon, Hibok-Hibok, Pinatubo) and 4 auxiliary Observatories o 7 Volcano Networks (including Matutum-Parker) comprised by 37 remote stations (seismic and repeater) o Current and future plans of expanding Bulusan, Kanlaon, Hibok- Hibok, Pinatubo and Matutum-Parker Networks, for renovation of various observatories, new networks in Batanes, Leyte, Mindanao for long-term preparedness PHIVOLCS DOST VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES PINATUBO VOLCANO OBSERVATORY Clark Airfield, Angeles City, Pampanga MAYON VOLCANO OBSERVATORY Lignon Hill, Legaspi City, Albay BULUSAN VOLCANO OBSERVATORY Cabid-an, Sorsogon City, Sorsogon TAAL VOLCANO OBSERVATORY Buco, Talisay, Batangas KANLAON VOLCANO OBSERVATORY Cubay, La Carlota City, Negros Occidental HIBOK-HIBOK VOLCANO OBSERVATORY Mambajao, Camiguin VOLCANO MONITORING NETWORKS to CVO PHIVOLCS DOST VOLCANO NETWORK REMOTE STATIONS VTNP (Napayung BB Station) MCL (Taal Main Crater Lake Physio- chem Station) VTMC (Taal Main Crater SS Station) PHIVOLCS DOST National Volcano Monitoring & Warning Program: Strategies Development & Upgrade of Volcano Monitoring Networks & Systems Adaptation of state-of-the-art instrumentation and techniques for high- quality and real-time data acquisition o Broadband seismic, continuous GPS + tilt, continuous Gas/Hydromet stations o End-to-end real-time data transmission (Remote stationVolcano ObservatoryMain Office) using SST radio + satellite technology o Automatic multi-parameter data plotting and earthquake source location tools o Future total conversion to real-time multi-parameter networks PHIVOLCS DOST PHIVOLCS DOST Advanced Instrumentation Systems, Remote Stations Plume Scanner Batteries Seismometer Data Logger Taurus GPS Receiver ScanDOAS box Solar Panel Charge Controller Data logger and GSM modem SST Radio VTCA-Calbayog Observation Station Tiltmeter Advanced End-to-end Data Communications Observatory sends Main Office receives data data to Main Office via satellite via satellite Remote Stations transmit data via SST radio Near real-time data (<1 min delay) Volcano Observatories receive data via SST radio Observatory Computers store and convert data Real-time Seismic Data Recording, Volcano Observatory MAYON VOLCANO: December 2009 Eruption PHIVOLCS DOST Real-time Seismic Data Recording, PHIVOLCS Main Office Real-time Visual Monitoring, PHIVOLCS Main Office taal mayon kanlaon resthouse kanlaon 202.90.128.66/~volcano_video/index.html Internet Portal, Real-time Volcanic Earthquake Recording Internet-based Real-time Monitoring Data 31 Aug 2012 M7.6 Samar EQ, recorded in Mayon 06 Feb 2012 M6.9 Negros Oriental EQ, recorded in Mayon 15 Oct 2013 M7.2 Bohol EQ, recorded in Taal National Volcano Monitoring & Warning Program: Key Projects Volcano Database Development \ WOVODat Globally-compliant web-accessible database of Volcano Monitoring data using the World Organization of Volcano Observatories (WOVO) Database Schema o w/ Earth Observatory of Singapore; Pioneer partner o Development of data visualization tools and web-based data entry tools for real-time updating of database from Volcano Observatories o Future automation of Volcano Monitoring data processing o Contribution to the WOVO’s mission to systematize the global Volcano Monitoring record for comparative research, decision- support needs of the global Volcano Monitoring Community PHIVOLCS DOST • VOLCANO DATABASE SYSTEM: Web-based tools for volcano databasing PHIVOLCS DOST • Internet-based processed data input to VDAS Server in Main Office PHIVOLCS DOST National Volcano Monitoring & Warning Program: Strategies G3 (Geophysical, Geodetic & Geochemical Monitoring & Studies of Active Volcanoes) Field-based real-time and non-real-time multi- parameter monitoring and research for defining correlating patterns of volcanic unrest o Electromagnetics in Taal (Collaborative) o Resitivity in Taal (In-house) o Precise Leveling and EDM in Taal, Mayon, Bulusan o cGPS monitoring in Taal, Mayon o Geochemical monitoring of crater lake, spring, fumarole chemistry, pH, temperature o Volcanic gas flux monitoring PHIVOLCS DOST (Geodetic) Ground Deformation Monitoring The surface of a volcano often changes shape when magma moves beneath it or rises into its cone. The ground can change shape by rising up, subsiding, tilting, or forming bulges that are clearly visible to people familiar with the DOSTvolcano. PHIVOLCS USGS Ground Deformation Monitoring: EDM (Electronic Distance Meter) Surveying EDM survey at Mayon Volcano (2000) Periodic measurement of the distance between benchmarks tens to thousands meters apart using EDM. Shortening of EDM line indicates volcano inflation due to magma intrusion, lenghtening indicates volcano deflation. EDM survey at Taal Volcano Island Ground Deformation Monitoring: Precise Leveling Precise leveling measures elevation changes between benchmarks using high- resolution spirit levels. Changes in vertical and horizontal ground surface levels are usually related to magma intrusion. Benchmark positions < 100m apart, required by high accuracy spirit levels. Ground Deformation Monitoring: Global Positioning System GPS consists of a constellation of 24 satellites. Each satellite orbits Earth 2X a day at 20,000 km altitudes and continuously transmits positional to ground-based receivers. Changes in GPS positions (sub-centimeter resolution) can indicate magmatic activity. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Mayon 2006 & 2009 eruptions def inflation def inf d infl d predicted by inflation-deflation in GPS Baselines (medium-term) From T. Bacolcol & GPS Team Geochemical Monitoring: Remote measurement via SO2 Spectrometry Gas sampling from a fumarole in Taal Vehicle-mounted COSPEC Vehicle-mounted FLYSPEC Geochemical Monitoring: DIFFUSE CO2 (collaborative) *March 2011 CO2 efflux led to Alert 2 in April 2011 March 24-25, 2011: 4,670 ±159t/d Mayon 2009 eruptions predicted by SO2 & seismic data (short-term) TAAL VOLCANO MULTI-PARAMETER MONITORING 2013 20 Seismic Events S / LT 10 0 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 800000 MDA 600000 (count) 400000 200000 0 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 100 Rainfall 50 (mm) 0 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 55 20 50 45 10 40 % CO2 Temperature (°C) 35 Air / Lake 0 30 25 -10 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 34 TAAL VOLCANO MULTI-PARAMETER MONITORING 2013 3.4 pH 3.2 Main Crater 3.0 via Alas-as via Calauit 2.8 2.6 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 1.5 Lake Level (m) Main Crater 1.0 via Alas-as via Calauit 0.5 0.0 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 34 Lake Temp (°C) Main Crater 32 via Alas-as via Calauit 30 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 35 Tabaro Air Temp (°C) 30 Probe Hole Level (°C) 25 Jan F M Apr M J Jul A S Oct N D 35 TAAL VOLCANO GROUND DEFORMATION MONITORING 2013 3 2 - X = tilt down to West + X = tilt down to East 1 - Y = tilt down to South + Y = tilt