This dissertation h as been microfilmed exactly as received 69-15,934 KRAGALOTT, Jasm. Jovanovic, 1931* THE TURKE3H LO.•AN WORDS IN WO ANDRIC'S NA DRINI CUPRLT The Ohio State Uni versity, PluD., 1969 Language and Lite: ‘ature, linguistics University Microfilms, Inc.. Ann Arbor, Michigan © COPYRIGHT BY: / JASNA JOVANOVIC KRAGALOTT 1969 / THE TURKISH LOAN WORDS IN IVO ANDRIC'S NA DRINI CUPRITA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by Jasna Jovanovic Kragalott,B.A.,M.A. The Ohio State University 1969 Approved by Adviser Department of Linguistics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It gives me the greatest personal pleasure to express my apprecia­ tion and gratitude to my adviser Professor Ilse Lehiste. Without her guidance and help from the earliest to the final stages of this disserta­ tion, it would have been impossible to successfully accomplish this task. I should also like to extend my thanks to Professor Leon Twarog, who always encouraged my progress and provided his personal assist­ ance in every stage of my graduate work. Furthermore, I wish to acknowledge the friendly help of Professor Kenneth Naylor, who informed me of certain studies that escaped my attention, thus making my biblio­ graphy more complete. A National Defense Education Act Title IV Fellowship made possible my trip to Yugoslavia where I gathered most of the research data. I would like to thank Mr. Abdulah Skaljic and his staff at the National Museum in Sarajevo, who offered their assistance during my work there. While in Yugoslavia, Mr. Ivo Andric graciously granted an interview that contributed greatly to my understanding of his employment of Turkish loan i words in Na Drini Cuprija. il VITA. March 24, 1931 ................... .. Bom - Sarajevo, Yugoslavia 1954 .................................................. B.A. in Oriental Languages and literatures (Turkish and Arabic), The University of Belgrade, Yugoslavia 1963-1965 ........................................ Teaching Assistant, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State University 1965 ................................................... M.A. in Slavic Languages and Literatures, The Ohio State Univ­ ersity 1965-1966 ............... ................ .. Teaching Assistant, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature, The Ohio State University 1966-1968 ........................................ Research Assistant, NDEA Title IV Grant, The Ohio State University 1968-1969 ........................................ Teaching Associate, Department of Slavic Languages and litera­ tures , The Ohio State University FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Slavic Linguistics Studies in Slavic Languages and Literatures (Russian, Church Slavic, Serbo-Croatian, Polish). Professors Ilse Lehiste, Leon Twarog, Nicholas P. Vakar, and David F. Robinson. Studies in Historical Lexicology. Professor Ilse Lehiste. Studies in Language Contact. Professor Ilse Lehiste. ill CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ..................... ii VITA .......................................................... ill CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................ 1 II THE NATURE OF SERBO-CROATIAN- TURHSH UNGUIS TIC CONTACT .............................. 6 in THE TURKISH LOAN WORDS IN NA DRINI CUPRITA .................... 36 IV THE SEMANTIC VALUE OF THE TURKISH LOAN WORDS IN IVO ANDRIC'S NA DRINI CUPRITA......................................... 289 Man Homestead Social Structure Nonmaterial Culture V TURKISH LOAN WORDS AS AN EIEMENT OF IVO ANDRIC'S LITERARY STYLE ..................................................... 325 Locale Historical Events / Characters in Na Drini Cuprila BIBLIOGRAPHY...........................................i ........................ 334 APPENDIX...................................................... 338 iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Serbo-Croatian literary and spoken language contains an extraordinary number of Turkish loan words. Linguistic analysis of these Turkish loans shows that certain Serbo-Croatian dialects have many more loan words than other dialects.* Not unnaturally, after five centuries of Ottoman occupation, the language of the Serbian , Macedonian, and Bulgarian peoples experienced a significant influx of Turkish elements. Inasmuch as the border of Croatia extended along the northern limit of the Ottoman Empire, a considerable number of Turkish elements are still found in the Croatian dialects. On2 the other hand, Turkish impact on the Slovenian language was minimal 3 because this area was in the Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence, and thus only a few Turkish loan words exist in the contemporary 4 Slovenian language: Slovenian Serbo-Croatian Turkish pertSin (braid) = per&n perpem Jarek (ditch) = jarak z. ark In general, the contemporary Serbo-Croatian language spoken in the areas formerly held by the Turks contains a large number of Turkish loan words that are used parallel with original Slavic forms: Turkish loan words Serbo-Croatian forms alat (/alet) orude "tools" barjak (^ bayrak) zastava "flag" bena (^ bon) ludak "fool" £elik {*. gelfk) Seljezo "steel" > d£igerica (-i ciger) jetra "liver" (h)aps ( hapis) zatvor "jail" inat ( inad) prkos "spite" 1 • .Turkish loan words Serbo-Croation Forms kapija kapi) vrata "door" komfija (<« komgu) susjed "neighbor" majdan ( maden) rudnik "mine " niSan (-* nispi) meta "target" soj soy) vrsta "kind" taban (< taban) stopalo "foot-sole" testera testere) pila "saw" _ zulum (-£ zulum) nasilje "tyranny" However, there are many Serbo-Croatian words of Turkish origin that do not have any Slavic substitute: badava Turk, bedava "free of charge" bre Turk, bre "hey" £ak Turk. Oak "even" fiamac Turk. 9 am "boat" darapa Turk, porab "stocking" dador, dator Turk, padir "tent" delav Turk, kel "cold" dorav Turk, kor "blind in one eye" d£ep Turk, cep "pocket" 6 The situation is further complicated because a significant number of Turkish loan words no longer exist in the Serbo-Croatian language. These loans were closely tied to Turkish ideas and institutions; as a result, they became Irrelevant to Serbian culture after the withdrawal of the Turks: Turkish loan words Slavic form nahija "district" versus okrug "district" 7 kadija "Judge" versus sudija "judge" The employment of Turkish loan words not only varies among the different Serbo-Croatian dialects, but also among urban inhabitants and the peasants. Thus, there are Turkish expressions used by town dwellers O that do not exist in the vocabulary of the peasants, and vice versa. Approximately eleven per cent of contemporary Yugoslavs are Moslems. Although the Turks were not intolerant of Serbian Orthodox Christians, many Serbs converted to the Mohammedan faith for material reasons. Thus, another factor of unequal distribution of Turkish loan words is caused by the sporadic Moslem concentration in specific areas of Yugoslavia. It follows that the members of Mohammedan faith in Bosnia-Herzegovina represent the richest source of Turkish elements 3 found in the Serbo-Croatian language.J Some Turkish religious loans are used exclusively by Yugoslav Moslems. Yet, the Moslem cultural impact was so great in many areas that certain religious loans are still used by all Serbo-Croatian speakers:*** d£amija "mosquej had&ja "pilgrim 1,1 hadfiluk "pilgrimage 1,1 etc. Yugoslav family names are another source of Turkish elements in the Serbo-Croatian language. Such surnames as BeSlagic, Donlagic, and Karaflordevic are obviously of Turkish origin. Skok theorizes that frequently the family name can offer information about the social and economic background of the family's ancestors.** For example, Skok claims that the Turkish family name Bes lagid undoubtedly comes from 12 a Moslem Serb who served in the Turkish army as a draftee "beSli.11JI Geographical place names are an abundant source of Turkish loan words. The famous capital of Bosnia, Sarajevo, is derived from the Turkish word Sarav 4 .Pers. seray "castle of the regent" + -ev Serbo-Croatian possessive suffix. Originally, Sarajevo was named Saray-Bosna. Later, this name was changed to Sarajevo by analogy with other Serbo-Croatian derivations for place names: Kraljevo, Popovo, Smederevo. Tmovo. 13Also, during the Ottoman period, the Turkish rulers changed many original Slavic place names by translating the meaning of the Slavic name into its Turkish equivalent: Slavic Soli 14 > Turkish Tuzla. Rich veins of Turkish words and expressions are found in medi­ eval Serbian folk songs and tales. Old Serbian lyrical poetry would lose its mood and charm without such Turkish elements as aSik "lover," dert "longing." and sevdah "love." Turkish loans have so enhanced the beauty and meaning of Serbian folk poetry that occasionally Serbian words were changed into derivations which imitated Turkish word forma­ tion.*^ For example, such Serbian forms as zlatali "golden "( 4 . zlato "gold" + Turkish suffix -li) were created by analogy with the Turkish loans srmali "silver 11 (.4 Turk, sirmali "silver"), dumiSli "silver" 4 . (Turk. gumu§lu "silver"). The addition of the Turkish adjectival suffix -li was a stylistic device that folk poets utilized to create in 16 their listeners an oriental mood and color. Many prominent Serbian writers have followed the tradition of the medieval folk ppets in the creative use of Turkish loan words. Ivo Andric's historical novel Na Drini Cuprijaoffers a brilliant testimony to the literary value of Turkish elements in the Serbo- Croatian language. These loans, which were used