FAMILY Erythrinidae Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1947 - trahiras [=Erythricthini, Erythroides, Hopliidi] Notes: Name in prevailing recent practice, Article 35.5 Erythricthini [Erythrichthini] Bonaparte 1835:[16] [ref. 32242] (subfamily) Erythrichthys [genus inferred from the stem, Article 11.7.1.1; corrected to Erythrichthini by Bonaparte 1837:[7] [ref. 32243]; senior objective synonym of Erythrinidae Valenciennes, 1847, but not used as valid after 1899] Érythroïdes Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847:480 [ref. 4883] (family) Erythrinus [latinized to Erythrinidae by Richardson 1856:250 [ref. 3747], confirmed by Gill 1858:410 [ref. 1750] and by Cope 1872:257 [ref. 921]; considered valid with this authorship by Richardson 1856:250 [ref. 3747], by Gill 1893b:131 [ref. 26255] and by Sheiko 2013:44 [ref. 32944] Article 11.7.2; junior objective synonym of Erythrichthini Bonaparte, 1835, but in prevailing recent practice; Erythrinidae also used as valid by: McAllister 1968 [ref. 26854], Lindberg 1971 [ref. 27211], Géry 1972b [ref. 1594], Nelson 1976 [ref.32838], Shiino 1976, Géry 1977 [ref. 1597], Nelson 1984 [ref. 13596], Sterba 1990, Nelson 1994 [ref. 26204], Springer & Raasch 1995:104 [ref. 25656], Eschmeyer 1998 [ref. 23416], Malabarba et al. 1998 [ref. 23777], Reis et al. 2003 [ref. 27061], Nelson 2006 [ref. 32486], Buckup, Menezes & Ghazzi 2007, Oyakawa & Mattox 2009 [ref. 30225], Jacobina, Paiva & Dergam 2011 [ref. 31391]] Hopliidi Fowler, 1958b:9 [ref. 1470] (tribe) Hoplias GENUS Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777 - trahiras [=Erythrinus Scopoli [J. A.] (ex Gronow), 1777:449, Erythrichthys Bonaparte [C. L.], 1831:182, Erythrinus Gronow [L. T.], 1763:114, Hetererythrinus (subgenus of Erythrinus) Günther [A.], 1864:283, 284] Notes: [ref. 3990]. Masc. Synodus erythrinus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Type by subsequent designation. Appeared without species, earliest addition of species not researched; type possibly designated first by Eigenmann & Eigenmann 1889:105 [ref. 12497], but the type of Erythrinus of authors was first designated by Bory de Saint-Vincent, v. 6, 1824:293 [ref. 3853] and may suffice (see Whitley 1935:137 [ref. 6396]). Misspelled Eritrinus by Jordan 1917:72 [ref. 2407]. •Valid as Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Géry 1977:103 [ref. 1597], Britski et al. 1999:84 [ref. 24147], Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061], Blanco et al. 2010:361 [ref. 30964], Oliveira et al. 2011:11 [ref. 31685], Mattox et al. 2014:343 [ref. 33381]). Current status: Valid as Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777. Erythrinidae. (Erythrichthys) [ref. 4978]. Masc. Synodus erythrinus Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Appeared as "Erythrichthys, Nob. (Erythrinus, Gr.). " Unneeded replacement for Erythrinus Scopoli (ex Gronow), 1777. •Objective synonym of Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777. Erythrinidae. (Erythrinus) [ref. 1910]. Masc. Not available, published in a rejected work on Official Index (Opinion 261). •In the synonymy of Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777 -- (Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777. Erythrinidae. (Hetererythrinus) [ref. 1974]. Masc. Erythrinus salmoneus Gronow, in Gray, 1854. Type by subsequent designation. Described in key (p. 283) with 3 corresponding species on pp. 284-285. Type by subsequent designation of Jordan 1919:332 [ref. 4904]. •Synonym of Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777 – (Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Erythrinus Scopoli, 1777. Erythrinidae. Species Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - erythrinus trahira (author) [=Synodus erythrinus Bloch [M. E.] & Schneider [J. G.], 1801:397, Erythrinus brevicauda Günther [A.], 1864:285, Erythrinus longipinnis Günther [A.], 1864:285, Erythrinus salmoneus Gronow [L. T.], in Gray, 1854:170] Notes: [M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae; ref. 471] Suriname and Europe. Current status: Valid as Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Erythrinidae. Distribution: Amazon and Orinoco River basins and coastal rivers of northern South America: Argentina, Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (brevicauda) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] No locality. Current status: Synonym of Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Erythrinidae. Habitat: freshwater. (longipinnis) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Essequibo River, Guyana. Current status: Synonym of Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Erythrinidae. Habitat: freshwater. (salmoneus) [Catalogue of fish collected and described by Laurence Theodore Gronow; ref. 1911] Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Erythrinidae. Habitat: freshwater. Species Erythrinus kessleri Steindachner, 1877 - Kessler's trahira (author) [=Erythrinus kessleri Steindachner [F.], 1877:596 [38]] Notes: [Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.); ref. 4224] Bahia, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Erythrinus kessleri Steindachner, 1877. Erythrinidae. Distribution: Brazil. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896 - trahiras [=Hoplerythrinus Gill [T. N.], 1896:208, Ophiocephalops (subgenus of Erythrinus) Fowler [H. W.], 1906:293, Pseuderythrinus Hoedeman [J. J.], 1950:80] Notes: [ref. 1739]. Masc. Erythrinus unitaeniatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829. Type by monotypy. •Valid as Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896 -- (Géry 1977:103 [ref. 1597], Géry et al. 1987 [ref. 6001], Taphorn 1992:443 [ref. 23654], Britski et al. 1999:84 [ref. 24147], Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061], Blanco et al. 2010:361 [ref. 30964], Oliveira et al. 2011:11 [ref. 31685], Mattox et al. 2014:343 [ref. 33381]). Current status: Valid as Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896. Erythrinidae. (Ophiocephalops) [ref. 1373]. Masc. Erythrinus unitaeniatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Objective synonym of Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896 -- (Taphorn 1992:443 [ref. 23654], Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896. Erythrinidae. (Pseuderythrinus) [ref. 2176]. Masc. Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis Hoedeman, 1950. Type by original designation (also monotypic). •Synonym of Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896 -- (de Jongh 1997:57 [ref. 20894], Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:238 [ref. 27061]). Current status: Synonym of Hoplerythrinus Gill, 1896. Erythrinidae. Species Hoplerythrinus cinereus (Gill, 1858) - Trinidad trahira (author) [=Erythrinus cinereus Gill [T. N.], 1858:413 [53]] Notes: [Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York v. 6 (nos 10-13); ref. 1750] Trinidad Island, West Indies. Current status: Valid as Hoplerythrinus cinereus (Gill, 1858). Erythrinidae. Distribution: Trinidad and Tobago Island. Habitat: freshwater. Species Hoplerythrinus gronovii (Valenciennes, in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847) - Cayenne trahira (author) [=Erythrinus gronovii Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847:500] Notes: [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 19; ref. 4883] Cayenne, French Guiana. Current status: Valid as Hoplerythrinus gronovii (Valenciennes, 1847). Erythrinidae. Distribution: French Guiana (?). Habitat: freshwater. Species Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) - aimara [=Erythrinus unitaeniatus Spix [J. B. von] & Agassiz [L.], 1829:42, Pl. 19, Erythrinus balteatus Günther [A.], 1864:284, Pseuderythrinus rosapinnis Hoedeman [J. J.], 1950:82, Fig., Erythrinus salvus Agassiz [L.], in Spix & Agassiz, 1829:41, Erythrinus vittatus Valenciennes [A.], in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1847:499, Pl. 585 [not 551]] Notes: [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Current status: Valid as Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Erythrinidae. Distribution: Amazon, Paraná, Orinoco, São Francisco, and Magdalena River basins and coastal rivers of northern South America and Panama: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Habitat: freshwater. (balteatus) [Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum v. 5; ref. 1974] Current status: Synonym of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Erythrinidae. (rosapinnis) [Amsterdam Naturalist (Bulletin Zoologisch Museum van Amsterdam) v. 1 (no. 3); ref. 2176] Near Paramaribo, Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Erythrinidae. Habitat: freshwater. (salvus) [Reise nach Griechenland und der Türkei; ref. 13] Rio São Francisco, Brazil. Current status: Synonym of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Erythrinidae. Habitat: freshwater. (vittatus) [Histoire naturelle des poissons v. 19; ref. 4883] Brazil; Cayenne; Suriname. Current status: Synonym of Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz, 1829). Erythrinidae. Habitat: freshwater. GENUS Hoplias Gill, 1903 - trahiras [=Hoplias Gill [T. N.], 1903:1016, Macrodon Müller [J.], 1843:316] Notes: [ref. 1786]. Masc. Esox malabaricus Bloch, 1794. Type by being a replacement name. Replacement for Macrodon Müller, 1842, preoccupied by Macrodon Schinz, 1822 in fishes. •Valid as Hoplias Gill, 1903 -- (Géry 1977:102 [ref. 1597], Malabarba 1989:127 [ref. 14217], Taphorn 1992:447 [ref. 23654] Britski et al. 1999:83 [ref. 24147], Géry & Zarske 2002:43 [ref. 26555], Oyakawa in Reis et al. 2003:239 [ref. 27061], Mattox