C O R P O R A T I O N Quality of Life at Contingency Bases Managing Sustainment Community Support Requirements John E. Peters, Elvira N. Loredo, Mary E. Chenoweth, Jeff Broughton, Andrea A. Golay For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1298 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-1-9774-0186-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2018 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface This report documents research and analysis conducted as part of a project entitled Developing Policies for Supportable Quality-of-Life Programs at Contingency Bases, sponsored by the Deputy Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army for Logistics. The purpose of the project was to characterize the demand and to identify options for managing quality-of-life goods and services delivered for the benefit of deployed forces operating from base camps and that can produce significant demand for resources, including fuel, support personnel, trucks, and other distribution assets. The Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project that produced this docu- ment is HQD146658. This research was conducted within RAND Arroyo Center’s Forces and Logistics Pro- gram. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) sponsored by the United States Army. RAND operates under a “Federal-Wide Assurance” (FWA00003425) and complies with the Code of Federal Regulations for the Protection of Human Subjects Under United States Law (45 CFR 46), also known as “the Common Rule,” as well as with the implementation guidance set forth in DoD Instruction 3216.02. As applicable, this compliance includes reviews and approvals by RAND’s Institutional Review Board (the Human Subjects Protection Commit- tee) and by the U.S. Army. The views of sources utilized in this study are solely their own and do not represent the official policy or position of DoD or the U.S. Government. iii Contents Preface ........................................................................................................... iii Figures ...........................................................................................................vii Tables ............................................................................................................ ix Summary ........................................................................................................ xi Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ xix Abbreviations .................................................................................................. xxi CHAPTER ONE Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 Organization of This Research ................................................................................. 1 Categorization of Base-Camp Quality-of-Life Resources and Practices ................................... 2 Organization of This Report .................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER TWO What Is Quality of Life? ....................................................................................... 5 Soldier Preference and Value of Quality-of-Life Features on Contingency Bases ........................ 6 Defining and Prioritizing Quality of Life for Contingency Basing ........................................ 8 What Requirements Does Quality of Life Produce for the Sustainment Community? ................. 9 CHAPTER THREE Opportunities for Improvement ............................................................................17 Benefits to Effective Contingency Base Management ......................................................17 Policies Versus Standards .......................................................................................18 Command, Control, and Administration ....................................................................18 Improvements, by Commodity Area ........................................................................ 20 Relative Investment, by Phase of Operations ............................................................... 24 Savings Associated with Soldier Preferences ................................................................ 26 CHAPTER FOUR Recommendations to Improve the Efficiency of Quality-of-Life Support ......................... 27 Recommendations ............................................................................................. 27 Looking Forward: Quality of Life in the Future Expeditionary Army .................................. 30 APPENDIXES A. Base-Camp Case Studies from Southern Afghanistan ............................................33 B. What Crowdsourcing Reveals About Quality-of-Life Demands at Contingency Bases .....53 v vi Quality of Life at Contingency Bases: Managing Sustainment Community Support Requirements C. Restorative Effects of Quality-of-Life Goods and Services .......................................65 D. Shelter Options ............................................................................................93 References ...................................................................................................... 99 Figures 2.1. U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center Preliminary Soldier Quality-of-Life Survey Results ............................................ 7 2.2. Joint Operation Phases Versus Levels of Military Effort ......................................10 2.3. Second-Destination Transportation Transactions from August 2010 .......................12 2.4. Power-Generation Requirements, by Facility Type on Spin Boldak, July 2012 to February 2013 ......................................................................................13 3.1. Retail Meals and Additional Water Demand ..................................................21 A.1. Case-Study Contingency Bases in Southern Afghanistan ................................... 34 A.2. Contingency Base Sizes in Afghanistan .........................................................35 A.3. Base-Supported Populations for the Four Case-Study Afghanistan Bases ................. 36 A.4. Proportion of Buildings, by Quality-of-Life Support Type ...................................37 A.5. Proportion of Facilities, by Quality-of-Life Category for June 2012 ........................39 A.6. Central Asia Ground Lines of Communication for Fuel to Afghanistan .................. 42 A.7. Supply of U.S. Central Command Petroleum to Afghanistan from Refineries in Neighboring Countries .......................................................................... 43 A.8. Percentage of South Afghanistan Contingency Base Quality-of-Life Facilities and Space That Match Cost-Estimator Quality-of-Life Facilities .................................45 A.9. Spin Boldak Facility Types and Base-Supported Population Between May 2012 and February 2013 ..................................................................................... 46 A.10. Spin Boldak Megawatt-Hours per Month and Base-Supported Population Between July 2012 and March 2014 .......................................................................47 A.11. Spin Boldak Power-Generation Trends for Select Quality of Life–Related Building Space, July 2012 to March 2014 ................................................................ 48 A.12. Generator Capacities, All Sites in Southern Afghanistan and Spin Boldak, February 2013 ..................................................................................... 50 A.13. Makes of Generators at All Sites in Southern Afghanistan and Spin Boldak in February 2013 ..................................................................................... 50 A.14. Average Monthly Fuel Used, by Activity, for Four Bases, June 2011 to May 2014 ........51 B.1. Respondent Deployment History ................................................................55 B.2. Quality of Life and Base-Camp Standards .....................................................62 B.3. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Quality of Life .............................................63 D.1. TEMPER Tent .....................................................................................93 D.2. Barrack Huts .....................................................................................