Introduction Future Intensity Frontier The Belle II Experiment Boštjan Golob Introduction University of Ljubljana/Jožef Stefan open questions Institute triple approach & Belle/Belle II Collaboration Intensity Frontier CPV in SM R(D(*)) Direct CPV Dark matter search University “Jožef Stefan” of Ljubljana Institute Summary & Future Trans European School of High Energy Physics Krvavec, July 2017 Disclaimer: chosen examples subjective choice of lecturer and not comprehensive overview Note: natural units used, =c=1 (mass & momentum in eV) TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 1/55 Introduction Future Energy Frontier Open questions Intensity Frontier Open questions in particle physics Standard model (SM) of electromagnetic, weak and strong interaction (no, no gravity...) is one of the most successfull and experimentaly best verified physics theories 1945: W. Pauli 1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett 1949: Hideki Yukawa 1950: Cecil Frank Powell 1957: Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee 1963: Eugene Paul Wigner 1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman 1968: Luis Walter Alvarez 1969: Murray Gell-Mann 1976: Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting 1979: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg 1980: James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch 1984: Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer 1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor 1999: Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus J.G. Veltman 2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek 2008: Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa 2013: François Englert, Peter W. Higgs ... @ currently achieved energies & measurement precision .... TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 2/55 Introduction Future Energy Frontier Open questions Intensity Frontier Open questions in particle physics Standard model (SM) of electromagnetic, weak and strong interaction (no, no gravity...) is one of the most successfull and experimentaly best verified physics theories 1945: W. Pauli theory:experiment 1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett 11:7 1949: Hideki Yukawa 1950: 6Cecil Frank Powell # of Nobel prizes in 1957: Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-DaoPhysics (T.D.) for Lee Particle 1963: 5Eugene Paul Wigner Physics / decade 1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger, Richard P. Feynman 4 1968: Luis Walter Alvarez ? 1969: 3Murray Gell-Mann 1976: Burton Richter, Samuel Chao Chung Ting 1979: 2Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam, Steven Weinberg 1980: 1James Watson Cronin, Val Logsdon Fitch 1984: Carlo Rubbia, Simon van der Meer 1990:0Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor 1999: Gerardus1945 't1965 Hooft, 1985Martinus2005 J.G. Veltman2025 2004: David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek 2008: Yoichiro Nambu, Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa 2013: François Englert, Peter W. Higgs ... @ currently achieved energies & measurement precision .... TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 3/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Open questions Open questions in particle physics SM problems: origin of mass: spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs boson conservation of unitarity (probability) W+ g, Z0 W+ W+ e+ W+ + n W- W- e ne W- e- W- E divergent TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 4/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Open questions Open questions in particle physics SM problems: origin of mass: spontaneous symmetry breaking Higgs boson conservation of unitarity (probability) W+ g, Z0 W+ W+ H0 W+ W+ e+ W+ - + n n W W- W- W- + e e W- e- W- unitary if MH O(100 GeV) MH : corrections due to in order for MH O(100 GeV) M = A - B; A/B = 1 + 10-18 0 0 H H t H + ... “Hierarchy Problem” t several solutions: Supersymmetry, Extra dimensions ... “New Physics” (NP) TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 5/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Open questions Open questions in particle physics SM problems: Matter/Antimatter Asymmetry: visible universe – complete matter dominance; one of (Sakharov) conditions – violation of CP symmetry(CPV) in SM - Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix (CKM) q c c s c s e-if + i Vud Vus Vub 12 13 12 13 13 W Vcd Vcs Vcb = -s12c23 c12c23 s23 X V V V if Vij td ts tb s12s23-c12c23s13e -c12s23 c23c13 qj Measured CPV particles/anti-particles several orders of magnitude too small new sources of CPV beyond CKM NP hierarchies: experimentally determined parameters of SM V V Vud us ub e m t u c t -3 -3 Vcd Vcs Vcb m[GeV]: 0,5 ·10 0,1 1,8 2 · 10 0,1 170 V V td ts Vtb unknown symmetries (NP) @ higher energies? TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 6/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Open questions Open questions in particle physics not directly related to SM: gravitation: theory of quantum gravity may yield answers about dark matter & dark energy neutrinos: not massless, oscillating etc.), (ne ↔nm, what is their mass hierarchy, is there CPV in n sector? unification: are all interactions equally strong at high energies? coupling constant coupling 105 1010 1015 E [GeV] TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 7/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Open questions Open questions in particle physics Couldn't it just be the Standard Model? The answer to this question is, unfortunately, yes. If the Higgs boson mass1) is above the LEP lower bound of 114 GeV and below the upper limit from the LHC quoted in Section 9, the SM is self-consistent up to very high energies, all the way to the Planck scale2). Thus, a possible outcome of the LHC experiments could be the end of experimental particle physics. This would leave us in a terrible situation. All of the questions that we have today about the properties of particles within the SM would not only be left unanswered but would be unanswerable. Michael E. Peskin, Univ. of Stanford, Summary Speech @ Lepton Photon 2011, arXiv:1110.3805 1) 2) c 2 18 MH=(125.09 ± 0.24) GeV c 210 GeV 8G TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 8/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Open questions Open questions in particle physics But every particle physicist needs to confront these ideas and ask: Do I think that this is how Nature works? There is an alternative point of view. We do not know whether it is correct. Nature will choose. That point of view is the optimism that the physics of the Higgs field and electroweak symmetry breaking has a mechanism, and that that mechanism will be visible to our experiments at the TeV scale. There is a compelling justification for accepting this idea: Only people who believe in it can make the discovery that it is true. Michael E. Peskin, Univ. of Stanford, Summary Speech @ Lepton Photon 2011, arXiv:1110.3805 TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 9/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view triple approach Energy Frontier origin of mass hierar- dark chies matter NP matter/ dark anti-matter neutrinos energy Cosmic Frontier Intensity Frontier TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 10/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view triple approach Energy Frontier origin of mass hierar- dark chies matter NP matter/ dark anti-matter neutrinos energy Cosmic Frontier Intensity Frontier TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 11/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view Energy Frontier triple approach Energy Frontier Tevatron, pp large Hadron Collider, origin of mass pp (LHC) Intern. Linear Collider, hierar- dark + - chies matter e e (ILC, CLIC) NP LHC upgrade matter/ dark anti-matter neutrinos energy m collider Cosmic Frontier Intensity Frontier direct search for new particles & processes TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 12/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view triple approach Energy Frontier Intensity Frontier super B Factories (Belle II) B Meson factories origin of mass (Belle, BaBar) LHCb upgrade LHCb (LHC) hierar- dark neutrino chies matter experiments neutrino NP : experiments : matter/ dark : anti-matter neutrinos energy : Cosmic Frontier indirects search for Intensity Frontier contribution of new particles and processes to known phenomena TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 13/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view energy/intensity frontier Energy frontier: direct discovery of new particles & processes at colliders with highest achievable energies (E = mc2) Intensity frontier: NP modifies properties of known phenomena, easisest observable with phenomena very rear within SM Energy frontier Both approaches complementary in discovery & identification of NP Intensity frontier TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 14/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view energy/intensity frontier t quark discovery: B0 meson oscillation measurements V V * d id jb b W+ 0 B u, c, t u, c, t B0 W- b d Vib* Vjd 0 0 2 P(B B ;t) sin( mt); m f (mt ) Z0 →b b rate measurements Measuremens with LEP collider (e+e-), e+ e+ b Z0 b Z0 t E=91 GeV, W+ e- - precursor of LHC; b e t b hadronic jets originating from b 1 1 m2 (Z 0 bb) 110 2 t quarks can be identified (long t 2 5 2 mZ of b hadrons) TESHEP, July 2017 B. Golob, Belle II Experiment 15/55 Introduction Future Intensity Frontier Triple Approach Experimental view energy/intensity frontier t quark discovery: B0 meson oscillation measurements V V * d id jb b W+ 0 B u, c, t u, c, t B0 W- b d Vib* Vjd 0 0 2 P(B B ;t) sin( mt); m f (mt ) Z0 →b b rate measurements Direct t t production + @ Tevatron collider e e+ b Z0 b Z0 t W+ (p p), E=1,8 TeV e- - b e t b hadronic jets originating from b 1 1 m2 (Z 0 bb) 110 2 t quarks can be identified (long t 2 5 2 mZ of b hadrons) TESHEP, July 2017 B.