Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration Vol. 5, No. 2 / 2010 (Publication: January 2011) www.etmu.fi Publisher Contents • The Society for the Study of Ethnic Relations and International Migration Engaging in a New Society: (ETMU) South Asian Religions in the Nordic Countries and Switzerland • This journal is available online at http://www.etmu.fi /fjem/ Editorial • ISSN 1796–6582 3 Tuomas Martikainen & Martin Baumann: South Asian Religions and Editorial Staff Civic Engagement in the Nordic Countries and Switzerland • Editor-in-Chief: Tuomas Martikainen Articles – South Asian Religions (University of Helsinki) 7 Martin Baumann: Civic Social Capital and Hindu Tamil Priests and • Assistant Editor: Tiina Kanninen Temples in Switzerland (University of Tampere), 16 Göran Larsson & Nina Björkman: South Asian Muslims in the Nordic • Book review editors: Countries: An Overview based on the Existing Literature Laura Hirvi (University of Jyväskylä), Suvi Keskinen (University of Turku), 24 Marianne Fibiger: Young Tamil Hindus in Denmark and their Relation to Kati Ala-Ilomäki Tradition and Collective Memory • Desktop Publishing: Jouni Korkiasaari 33 Måns Broo: ISKCON and South Asian Hindus in Finland: Strategies for (Institute of Migration) Integration 39 Knut A. Jacobsen: Leadership Structures and Government Regulation Editorial Board of Hinduism in Norway • Kris Clarke (California State University, 47 Katarina Plank: Mindful Medicine: The Growing Trend of Mindfulness- Fresno), Based Therapies in the Swedish Health Care System • Elli Heikkilä (Institute of Migration), 56 Frank Neubert: Western Hindus and ‘Global Hinduism’: Discourses on • Vesa Puuronen (University of Kuopio), Conversion to ‘Hindu Religions’, Acceptance of Converts, and Social • Teppo Sintonen (University of Jyväskylä), Engagement • Ismo Söderling (Population Research Articles Institute/Väestöliitto), 63 Filio Degni, Sakari Suominen, Jussi Kauhanen & Walid El Ansari: • Camilla Nordberg (University of Helsinki), Religious-Ethnic Differences in Alcohol Consumption and Abstinence • Arno Tanner (University of Helsinki), among 15–17-Year-Old Adolescents Attending School in Turku, Finland • Marja Tiilikainen (University of Helsinki) 70 Ann Phoenix: Adult Retrospective Narratives of Childhood Experiences Partner Institutions of Serial Migration and Reunifi cation with Mothers 79 Mika Helander: Reproduction of Ethnicity through Transnational Fields • CEREN, Institute of Migration, Population and Spaces – Applying Bourdieu Research Institute/Väestöliitto Book Reviews Contact 88 Tuomas Martikainen: Paul Bramadat, Matthias Koenig (eds.). • All correspondence to Tiina Vaittinen, International Migration and the Governance of Religious Diversity. tiina.vaittinen@uta.fi 90 Doris Jakobsh: Knut Jacobsen (ed.), South Asian Religions on Display: Guidelines for Contributors Religious Processions in South Asia and the Diaspora. • Internet: www.etmu.fi /fjem/ Continues on next page ... ISSN 1796-6582 Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration Vol. 5, No. 2 / 2010 (Publication: January 2011) www.etmu.fi Contents (continues) Advisory Editorial Board • Martin Bauman (University of Lucerne, Switzerland) Book Reviews • John Eade (CRONEM/Roehampton 91 Perttu Salmenhaara: Suvi Keskinen, Anna Rastas & Salla Tuori (eds.), University) En ole rasisti, mutta... Maahanmuutosta, monikulttuurisuudesta ja • Mikko Lagerspetz (Åbo Akademi) kritiikistä. • Peggy Levitt (Wellesley College) 93 Laura Assmuth: Salla Tuori, The Politics of Multicultural Encounters: • Randy Lippert (University of Windsor) Feminist Postcolonial Perspectives. • Yngve Lithman (University of Bergen) 95 P. Pratap Kumar: Richard Alba, Albert J Raboteau & Josh DeWind • Diana Mulinari (Lund University) (eds.) Immigration and Religion in America: Comparative and Historical Perspectives. • Sari Pietikäinen (University of Jyväskylä) 98 Gabriel Faimau: Nasar Meer, Citizenship, Identity and the Politics of • Pirkko Pitkänen (University of Tampere) Multiculturalism. • Alex Stepick (Florida International University) 100 Tapio Kuure: Jussi Ronkainen, Väliviivakansalaiset: Monikansalaisuus asemana ja käytäntönä. • Charles Westin (CEIFO/University of Stockholm) About the Journal The Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration (FJEM) is devoted to the high quality study of ethnic relations and international migration. Published biannu- ally by the Society for the Study of Ethnic Relations and International Migra- tion (ETMU), this peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, open-access journal pro- vides a forum for discussion and the refi nement of key ideas and concepts in the fi elds of ethnicity and international population movement. Although inter- national in its scope of interests and range of contributors, the journal focuses particularly on research conducted in Finland and other Nordic countries. Opinions expressed in the FJEM articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily refl ect the views of ETMU. ISSN 1796-6582 Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration Vol. 5, No. 2 / 2010 Editorial www.etmu.fi South Asian Religions and Civic Engagement in the Nordic Countries and Switzerland Tuomas Martikainen and Martin Baumann The articles collected in this special issue are based on presen- have settled there (see Table 1). Some 138,000 had settled in tations given at a workshop titled “Engaging in a New Soci- the Nordic countries and approximately 29,000 in Switzerland ety: Conference on South Asian religions in the Nordic coun- by 2009. Their share of all fi rst-generation immigrants2 was as tries and Switzerland” in Turku, Finland, 14–15 June 2010. follows: Denmark 7.3%, Finland 3.2%, Norway 11.1%, Swe- The event was organised and fi nanced by the Centre of Excel- den 2.9% and Switzerland 1.7%. The low fi gures show that lence in Post-Secular Culture and a Changing Religious Land- South Asians do not form a particularly large group in any of scape in Finland at Åbo Akademi University, the Depart- the receiving countries, but, nevertheless, Indian, Sri Lankan ment for the Study of Religions of the University of Lucerne and Pakistani groups constitute noteworthy minorities. Ban- (Switzerland), and the Donner Institute, Turku (Finland). The gladeshi, Bhutanese and Nepalese are smaller in numbers, main emphasis of the workshop was to study methods of civic and they have also not been particularly visible in research. engagement among South Asian people and religious organi- As elsewhere in Europe, discussion of the second generation sations in the West. is currently growing, even though fi rst-generation immigrants still constitute the largest segment. The religious diversity of South Asia is well represented South Asian immigration and religions in Europe among the immigrants. Religious background is also often associated with particular regional, linguistic, and national In the aftermath of the Second World War and the post-war cultures. For instance, Hindus from North and South India reconstruction period, many people from South Asia1 arrived settled predominantly in the UK as well as in numerous other and settled in Europe, especially from Bangladesh, India and countries. Others include Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Indian Pakistan. Initially, the largest group of migrants were low- Muslims; Christians from Kerala; Jains from Gujarat settling skilled, male workers in search of work. This was made rather in Manchester, London and Antwerp; Buddhists from Thai- easy by the fact that many were still British subjects, as Brit- land, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Laos; Sikhs from the Punjab with ain was the central target for most immigrants at this stage. a stronghold in the UK, but also Italy; Parsis from Bombay; While some returned, many stayed and were later followed by and Tamil Hindus, Christians and Muslims from Sri Lanka women, children and relatives, in what was to become chain migration from the same localities and regions. After the inde- Table 1. First-generation immigrants from South Asian countries in pendence of South Asian states, and the ensuing economic and the Nordic countries and Switzerland in 2009. political unrest, and, later, with intensifi ed globalisation from Denmark Finland Norway Sweden Switzerland the 1980s onward, the migration fl ows have become more Bangladesh 502 1,197 736 5,500 1,086 diverse. Now they also include highly skilled labour migrants, Bhutan 39 3 31 30 15 entrepreneurs and students, but also refugees fl eeing civil war India 6,196 3,624 9,349 16,457 8,277 and persecution. All of the different migration fl ows have been Nepal 1,188 899 460 504 337 followed by marriage migration and family reunifi cation in the country of settlement. Pakistan 19,880 1,179 30,161 9,161 1,917 The composition and size of South Asian immigration dif- Sri Lanka 10,663 649 13,436 6,652 16,889 fers between different countries. While the Nordic countries Total 38,468 7,551 54,173 38,304 28,521 and Switzerland have not been among the main targets of Source: Statistics Denmark, Statistics Finland, Statistics Norway, South Asian immigration in Europe, still a signifi cant number Statistics Sweden and Swiss Federal Offi ce of Statistics. 3 FINNISH JOURNAL OF ETHNICITY AND MIGRATION VOL. 5, NO. 2/2010 who settled as asylum seekers all over Western Europe. The Civic social capital and civic engagement presence of these groups has played an important role in the diversifi cation of religious life in Europe despite the fact Debates over social capital have been frequent in the social that rates of conversion (both to and from the South Asian sciences during the 1990s