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Xerox University Microfiims 77-2 4 ,6 7 1 MOONEY, Colleen Lily, 1950- QUEENSHIP IN FIFTEENTH CENTURY FRANCE. The Ohio State IM iversity, Ph.D., 1977 History, medieval Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48io6 0 1977 COLLEEN L I L Y MOONEY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED QUEENSHIP IN FIFTEENTH CENTURY FRANCE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Colleen Lily Mooney, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1 ^ 7 Reading Committee: Approved By Franklin J. Pegues Joseph H., Lynch M arilyn R. Waldman DeparlSnent o f^istory ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to acknowledge the assistance of Professor Franklin J. Pegues at all stages of the preparation of this dissertation. I also wish to thank Dr. Joseph Lynch and D r. M arilyn Waldman f o r t h e i r c r i tic is m o f my dissertation. VITA November 30, 1950 • • • Born - Logan, West Virginia 1972 ......... B.A., Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 1972-197 3. Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973 ..................................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1973-1975 ............................ Teaching Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1975-1 976 ............................ French Government Scholarship, Paris, France 1976-1977. Fellowship, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: History Medieval European History. Professor Franklin Pegues Medieval Islamic History. Professor Marilyn Waldman Eastern European History. Professor Carole Rogel Nineteenth Century French History. , Professor John Rothney TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................... i i VITA ....................................................... i l l LIST OP TABLES........................................................................................ v i LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................v i i INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 C hapter I . MARRIAGES.......................................................................................42 II. FINANCES............................................................................................72 III. POLITICS..........................................................................................136 IV. THE COURT AND ITS OFFICERS....................................... 2 l6 V. WIDOWHOOD AND D E A T H ....................................................2?4 CONCLUSIONS............................................................................................ 330 APPENDIX A. NOTE ON BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................336 B. CONTRACT OF MARRIAGE BETWEEN CHARLES V III AND ANNE OF BRITTANY........................................................339 C. CONTRACT OF MARRIAGE BETWEEN LOUIS X II AND ANNE OF BRITTANY ........................................................342 D. HOTEL ACCOUNTS OF THE QUEENS...................................344 E. DEPENSES DES JOURNEES........................................................ 354 F. ARGENTERIE ACCOUNTS OF THE QUEENS............................359 G. TREASURY ACCOUNTS OF THE QUEENS......................365 H. DENIERS GIVEN DIRECTLY TO THE QUEENS .... 368 I . LIST OF PERSONNEL OF THE COURT OF ISABEAU . 369 J . PERSONNEL OF THE COURT OF MRIE OF ANJOU . 376 K. THE COURT OF CHARLOTTE OF SAVOY..................... 384 L. THE COURT OF ANNE OF BRITTANY.................................. 391 M. TESTAMENT OF CHARLOTTE OF SA V O Y ..............................402 NOTE ON CO IN A G E...................................................................................... 405 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... 409 LIST OF TABLES T able Page 1. Life Statistics of the Queens ..............................................63 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AN Archives Nationales BEG Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes BN Fr. Bibliothèque Nationale, Series françaises SHF Société de l'H istoire de France INTRODUCTION Each incumbent queen of France functioned within the norms of the institution of queenship. Performance of duty and adherence to high standards of conduct were expected of a queen; and in return for her service, the queen enjoyed certain rights and honors. By definition, a queen was either the wife, mother, or widow of a king. Although the selection of a bride for the king or dauphin involved particular considerations, marriage was always the foundation of queenship. As the king's wife, the queen's chief duty was to bear children who resided for a while in the queen's household. The French kingdom took the responsibility to finance the queen's household needs, her wardrobe, and her retinue. However, the queen's security rested ultimately on her right to be assigned landed property to support her during widowhood. This dower was in effect an appanage granted to a newly widowed queen who assumed a lord's role until the land reverted to the crown on her death. Politically the queen's chief duties were to appear beside the king at royal functions, to greet foreign and local dignitaries, and to obey her 1 2 husband's w ill at all times. In circumstances where the king was incapable of performing his own duties, a queen mi gilt make alliances and treaties on her own or on behalf of her son, the heir. In addition, the queen was considered a natural choice to be regent for her son. Whether a queen were regent or not, she needed to be advised and attended by wise and loyal officers. The queen's court consisted of ladies, damoiselles, household officers, and servants, all of whom received either a pension or wages from the queen's finances. Although the itinerant nature of both the king's and queen's courts made it difficult for any one officer to serve both, there were always significant connections between the two households. At public functions, the queen of France was honored with an appropriate display of wealth, pageantry, and deference which was taken seriously by at least some contemporaries who felt the queen had a responsibility to maintain h i^ standards of personal and public behavior. Christine de Pisan, a fifteenth century writer of political tracts and moral advice, described the ideal queen both in her 1404 work le Livre des Fais et Bonnes Meurs du Sage Roy Charles and her 1405 study of women entitled Le Livre des Trois Vertus or I^ Trésor de la Cité des Dames. In the twentieth chapter of the first part of Christine's didactic book on Charles V, she 3 described "how the king Charles arranged the household of the queen. In speaking of the judicious order established by this wise king, I ought not to forget . what magnificence, order, and perfect unity governed the court of the very noble lady the queen Jeanne of Bourbon, his wife, in the wealth of her household, in its decent ordered way of life, . and in the administration of her revenues and servants. Her attendants, servants, clothes and everything else were properly chosen for everyday activities as well as for the annual celebrations and the visits of high ranking princes whom the king wished to honor. The queen had such majesty when she appeared crowned or dressed in rich jewels, with long flowing royal robes and cloaks made of the most precious gold and silk cloths decorated with cords, buttons stones, and pearls. According to the custom of the day, she changed clothes several times a