International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Dec 2015, Vol. 5, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 The Concept of Border in Terms of Political Geography and the Border between Turkey and Nakhchivan Prof. Dr. Serhat ZAMAN Ataturk University, Department of Geography Education, Erzurum, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ogün COŞKUN Ataturk University, Department of Geography Education, Erzurum, Turkey E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i12/1923 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v5-i12/1923 Abstract The concept of border is one of the most overemphasized and controversial topics of political geography. It can be stated that it has become a popular study field from that aspect. Considering the fact that today’s world has been composed of structures called states and areas of sovereignty which have been registered by them, it is understood that the borders are very important elements regarding these sovereignty areas. However, all the borders do not share the same characteristics. While some of the borders are means of isolation, some of them bear a symbolical meaning. This research study discusses the state border between Turkey and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic from the political geography perspective. A general description was made with the history of the border, general geographical features of the border zone and treaties. As a result, it is possible to state that the short border between the two countries has almost become invisible due to intense interactions, that is to say, it has become symbolical because both sides of the shared border is a follow-up of one another both naturally and culturally. Key words: Borders, Turkey, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Political Geography, Azerbaijan. I.INTRODUCTION The existence of borders has been occasionally discussed and they are severely one of the most important elements of today’s world. It is possible to encounter borders in a wide range from ownership of territory in a small scale to the boundaries of states on a large scale and the borders which separate the areas of sovereignty belonging to the states. Some people consider that border is a concrete and visible physical structure. Maybe, it is the form of a distinction 79 www.hrmars.com International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Dec 2015, Vol. 5, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 which started in the mind first and then came into being physically. No matter what it is, borders have been built to separate one thing from the other and it is most probably a tool which has been doing it for thousands of years. A border is a phenomenon of human beings which they have been keeping alive for a long time and an apparently it is predicted that they will continue to keep it alive for a long time because the border is both a protective factor and also a location which is being surpassed or crossed. Moreover, the border is sometimes an indicator of power and weakness. Strengthening one’s existence and power by creating “the other” is one of the ways which organisms called states, particularly the models of nation-state, apply frequently because while “the other” is being created outside the borders of the country, “we”, what is most desired, is formed or is wanted to be formed in the interior of the country. The border and its visible elements are the things that they look for in order to differentiate the other from oneself. While the border is sometimes an indicator of power for the area it covers, sometimes it is a territory which the inhabitants want to leave. Thus, the border is attractive for some but also it can be an unattractive environment or a land of motivation. The immigration of refugees which continue without slowing down in the world and their adventures to cross the borders are one of the most significant indicators. The borders which are important with their distinctive features become symbolical via strong interactions in the modern sates era (Zaman, 2014: 122). However, it is possible only under some special circumstances. In today’s world, this condition has been encountered mostly between the states which were developed and ruled with the similar systems or between the mutual parties that share very similar ethno-cultural characteristics. A border is a line that separates the areas of benefit and dominance (Akengin, 2010: 105). Considering another view, borders are proofs that states have sovereignty over an area of land or they are national markers. They are the indicators of authority, ownership, existence, and property (Karabağ, 2008: 16). Bennafla stresses that the border cannot be reduced to spatial boundary of state sovereignty or in other words, cannot be degraded to the area of land which encloses the territory of the states and she also states that the borders have become vague after the nation-state period and they expanded outwards and inwards like a web (Bennafla and et al., 2014: 19). Green, states that borders should not be considered as physical objects located at the ends of the countries and discusses that they are concepts whose metaphorical and symbolical meanings must be focused on (2014: 39). As it is seen, the concept of border involves rich and varied meanings due to its dynamic structure. Like many concepts belonging to human sciences, the concept of border has experienced the processes of variety and richness in meaning due to its ability to adapt to the 80 www.hrmars.com International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Dec 2015, Vol. 5, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 spirit of the time. For example, the meaning the concept of border bears during the foundation of state-nations and the meaning it carries in today’s global world are not the same. When the concept of border and the research studies carried out on this issue are reviewed, it is easily understood that it is not possible to standardize this concept by making generalizations because nearly all the borders have different stories and distinctive features. Thus, the border research has become an interdisciplinary research subject. They are chosen as a research study topic by the disciplines such as history, geography, economics, anthropology, political sciences and sociology regarding their evolution processes, histories, their identity and cultural aspects, political aspects, economic functions, their sides related to security and immigration, debatable features, positions, physical and substantial factors and similar qualities. Regarding political geography, the concept of border is examined from different perspectives and elaborated. The most important aspects of the borders are their shapes, history, formation processes, disputed enclaves or aspects, what they distinguish, where they run through, their appearances in the area of land, their geopolitical importance, and pretensions. However, changes have occurred in political geography’s traditional approach to the borders in time. Political geography in the beginning was mostly interested in the concrete elements of the border (spatial analytical approach) and then it began to show interest in the ethno-cultural aspects of the borders and also their abstract sides which have visible effects. A short history of the border between Turkey and Nakhchivan, physical characteristics of the border and the mutual relationships established via the border will be discussed in this study. II. Purpose and Method The aim of this study is to examine the border between Turkey and Nakhchivan within the framework of developing contemporary approaches of the political geography and thus making contributions to the literature of border studies. In line with this aim, besides the observations and investigations carried out around the border in different periods between 2013 and 2015, various research studies carried out about the subject were reviewed. The border’s current position and its strategic position in the future was tried to be examined with the evaluation of the data obtained within the framework of spatial analysis. III. Historical Background of the Border The border between Turkey and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was drawn by the Treaty of Moscow signed on March 16, 1921 and the Treaty of Kars signed on October 13, 1921. Because the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic did not have an independent status when the treaties were signed as it does today, it did not directly have a voice in the treaties. The Turkish 81 www.hrmars.com International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences Dec 2015, Vol. 5, No. 12 ISSN: 2222-6990 side in that period was the direct counterparty in the treaties under the name of the Government of Turkish Grand National Assembly. Both treaties are important because they provided both Turkey and Nakhchivan to have a physical border. To state it more clearly, although the Treaties of Moscow and Kars are well-known for identifying Turkey’s northeast borderlines, they are also directly influential in identifying a neighbour’s status and existence because both Soviet Russia and Soviet Armenia, under the protection of Soviet Russia, made attempts to include Nakhchivan and its vicinity in Armenian borders until the treaties were signed and they took quite important decisions in order to actualize it. Some of these decisions were related to the status of Nakhchivan and also in favour of them. One of these decisions and also what made Turkey to be included in the subject is the decision to attach Nakhchivan to Armenia. After Azerbaijan in April, 1920 and Armenia in the same year passed into Soviet Russian possession, it helped a series of decisions to be taken in favour of Armenia in the union. It was understood that after being pushed into the Soviet Russian control, Soviet Azerbaijan could not take its decisions on its own because it made decisions under Russian obligation but maybe Soviet Azerbaijan’s decision dated to November 30, 1920 became so important that it could change the fate of the South Caucasus because the decisions taken by the Azerbaijan Communist Party on that date were composed of the results that were in favour of Armenia.