Focusing on Women 2005 Published in June 2005 by Statistics New Zealand TATAURANGA AOTEAROA Wellington, New Zealand Catalogue Number 16.001 ISBN 0-478-26926-9 Recommended retail price $35.00 (including GST) Focusing on Women 2005 Preface Focusing on Women 2005 is intended to inform women, policy makers, community groups, students and the public about the contemporary position of women in New Zealand society, as well as changes in their position over time. Publication of this report coincides with the New Zealand Women’s Convention, “Looking Back, Moving Forward – Titiro Whakamuri Haere Whakamua”, to be held in Wellington in June 2005 to mark the 30th anniversary of the United Women’s Convention in Wellington. There have been many changes affecting women’s lives over the past 30 years. Many more women are now participating in tertiary education, making up more than half of all tertiary enrolments in 2001. Women now have higher levels of participation in skilled and non-traditional occupations. They are living longer and having fewer children. Fewer women marry, and first marriages occur later in life – as does childbearing. Income levels still show a gap between women and men. For women, time out of the workforce and part-time work particularly impact on remuneration. Across occupational streams, there are differences in participation by women’s ethnicity, which is reflected in income. Despite the differences, the gap has generally narrowed. This publication uses information from the 2001 Census of Population and Dwellings as its baseline, and draws widely from sources such as the Ministries of Health, Education and Justice, New Zealand Police and the Department of Corrections. The team who produced this document is proud to have worked on such an important social document and hopes that readers gain a sound appreciation of the position of women in New Zealand Society. Brian Pink Government Statistician Statistics New Zealand iii Photo credits Chapter 1 – Population Second from left: New Zealand Council of Trade Unions Chapter 3 – Education Second from left: New Zealand Council of Trade Unions Chapter 4 – Work First from left: New Zealand Council of Trade Unions Chapter 5 – Income First from right: New Zealand Council of Trade Unions Second from right: New Zealand Council of Trade Unions Chapter 6 – Health First from left: Andrew Gorrie/The Dominion Post iv Focusing on Women 2005 Information This report was prepared by the Social Conditions Division and published by the Product Development and Publishing Division of Statistics New Zealand. For further information on the statistics in this report, or on other reports or products, contact our Information Centre. 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Reproduction of material Any table or other material published in this report may be reproduced and published without further licence, provided that it does not purport to be published under government authority and that acknowledgement is made of this source. v Focusing on Women 2005 Contents Chronology of important events .......................................................................................................... 1 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Chapters 1 Population ................................................................................................................................. 13 2 Families and households .......................................................................................................... 27 3 Education .................................................................................................................................. 43 4 Work .......................................................................................................................................... 61 5 Income ...................................................................................................................................... 83 6 Health........................................................................................................................................ 101 7 Crime ........................................................................................................................................ 117 Technical Notes ................................................................................................................................... 129 References .......................................................................................................................................... 133 Tables Chapter 1 – Population 1.01 Projections for European, Mäori, Pacific and Asian populations, 2001-base ............. 14 1.02 International population prospects, by region 2000 and 2050 (projected) ................. 20 1.03 Distribution of female population, by regional council and ethnic group, 2001 .......... 21 1.04 Female population living in urban and rural areas, by selected ethnic group, 2001 .. 22 1.05 Birthplace of New Zealand females, 1896–2001 ....................................................... 24 Chapter 2 – Families and households 2.01 Demographic indicators for women, 1971 and 2001 ................................................. 27 2.02 Birth rates per 1,000 women, by age group, 1971–2001 ........................................... 31 2.03 Average number of children born per woman, by age group and ethnic group, 1996 ................................................................................................................ 33 Chapter 3 – Education 3.01 Distribution of enrolments of girls in early childhood education, by ethnic group, 2001 ................................................................................................................ 44 3.02 Secondary school participation, by age and sex, 1971–2001 .................................... 45 3.03 Candidates sitting examinations and attainment in selected University Entrance and Bursary subjects, by sex, 2001 ........................................................................... 46 3.04 Women in tertiary education, by sector, 1997 and 2001 ............................................ 49 3.05 Tertiary institution participation rates per 1,000 women, by age group, 1991 and 2001 .................................................................................................................... 50 Chapter 4 – Work 4.01 Employment status and sex, 1991 and 2001 ............................................................. 71 4.02 Top 10 occupations of women and men, 2001........................................................... 75 4.03 Occupations of women, by ethnic group, 2001 .......................................................... 75 4.04 Unemployment rates for women, by highest qualification and ethnic group, 2001 .... 77 4.05 Women’s participation in unpaid work, by ethnic group, 2001 ................................... 80 vii Focusing on Women 2005 Tables continued Chapter 5 – Income 5.01 Real median incomes, by ethnic group, 1991–2001 .................................................. 84 5.02 Earnings ratio, by standardisation and sex for selected factors, 2001 ....................... 91 5.03 Proportion receiving income from selected income sources, by sex, 2001 ............... 93 5.04 Income sources for those aged 65 years and over, by ethnic group, 2001 ................ 95 5.05 Relationship between a women’s personal income and income received by her male partner, 2001 ............................................................................................... 97 Chapter 6 – Health 6.01 Estimated lifetime prevalence of cancer, by ethnic group and sex, 2002/03 (age-standardised percentages) ................................................................................ 102 6.02 Cancer registration rates, by ethnic group and sex, 2000 (age-standardised rates per 100,000 population) .....................................................