Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to inhibit disease transmission World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 4-6 May 2009 Report on planning meeting 1 Technical consultation on current status and planning for future development of genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria and dengue control For research on diseases of poverty UNICEF • UNDP • World Bank • WHO Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mosquitoes to inhibit disease transmission World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 4-6 May 2009 Report on planning meeting 1 Technical consultation on current status and planning for future development of genetically modified mosquitoes for malaria and dengue control For research on diseases of poverty UNICEF • UNDP • World Bank • WHO WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data: Progress and prospects for the use of genetically modified mos- quitoes to inhibit disease transmission. 1.Animals, Genetically modified. 2.Mosquito control - methods. 3.Insect vectors - genetics. 4.Dengue - prevention and control. 5.Malaria - prevention and control. I.World Health Organiza- tion. II.UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. III.Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (U.S.). ISBN 978 92 4 159923 8 (NLM classification: QX 600) Copyright © World Health Organization on behalf of the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases 2010 All rights reserved. The use of content from this health information product for all non-commercial education, training and information purposes is encouraged, including translation, quotation and reproduction, in any medium, but the content must not be changed and full acknowledgement of the source must be clearly stated. A copy of any resulting product with such content should be sent to TDR, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. TDR is a World Health Organization (WHO) executed UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. This information product is not for sale. The use of any informa- tion or content whatsoever from it for publicity or advertising, or for any commercial or income-generating purpose, is strictly prohibited. No elements of this information product, in part or in whole, may be used to promote any specific individual, entity or product, in any manner whatsoever. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this health information product, including maps and other illustrative materials, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO, including TDR, the authors or any parties cooperating in the production, concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of frontiers and borders. Mention or depiction of any specific product or commercial enterprise does not imply endorsement or recommendation by WHO, including TDR, the authors or any parties cooperating in the production, in preference to others of a similar nature not mentioned ordepicted. The views expressed in this health information product are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WHO, in- cluding TDR. WHO, including TDR, and the authors of this health information product make no warranties or representations re- garding the content, presentation, appearance, completeness or accuracy in any medium and shall not be held liable for any dam- ages whatsoever as a result of its use or application. WHO, includ- Edited by Vallaurie L Crawford and Julie N Reza. ing TDR, reserves the right to make updates and changes without Prepared by Anthony A James, John D Mumford, notice and accepts no liability for any errors or omissions in this Stephanie L James and Yeya T Touré on behalf of the regard. Any alteration to the original content brought about by technical consultation working group. display or access through different media is not the responsibil- ity of WHO, including TDR, or the authors. WHO, including TDR, Design and layout by Philippe Casse and Lisa Schwarb and the authors accept no responsibility whatsoever for any inac- Cover picture: WHO/TDR/Stammers curate advice or information that is provided by sources reached via linkages or references to this health information product. Printed in Switzerland PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS FOR THE USE OF genetically MODIFIED MOSQUITOES 3 Contents Glossary ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4 Executive summary............................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Process ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Past progress of consultation and discussion 2.2 Present WHO/TDR/FNIH consultation and projects 2.3 Meeting objectives and expected outcomes 3 Current status.............................................................................................................................................................................................10 4 Issues, challenges and additional needs .....................................................................................................................11 5 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................................................................14 6 Next steps .......................................................................................................................................................................................................15 7 References ......................................................................................................................................................................................................16 8 Working papers .........................................................................................................................................................................................17 8.1 Population suppression strategies for dengue virus vector control (Aedes), Luke Alphey ....................18 8.2 Conventional sterile insect technique against Anopheles arabiensis, Mark Q Benedict ........................22 8.3 Using inherited Wolbachia endosymbionts as a biological control approach to eliminate dengue transmission, Scott O’Neill ...........................................................................................................................................24 8.4 Using bacteria to contain the spread of malaria, Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena .......................................................26 8.5 Population replacement strategies for dengue virus vector control (Aedes), Anthony A James ........28 8.6 Update on genetic approaches to population suppression and gene drive in Anopheles, Austin Burt & Andrea Crisanti .......................................................................................................................................................32 8.7 Collaboration and communication strategies between researchers and potential user communities, Janine M Ramsey Willoquet................................................................................................................34 8.8 Potential areas of collaboration and communication strategies between researchers and potential GMO vector user communities, James Ochanda ..............................................................................37 8.9 Formulating an ecological risk assessment, David A Andow ....................................................................................40 8.10 A precedent for genetic engineering ; the environmental impact statement on transgenic fruit flies and cotton pink bollworm, Robert I Rose .......................................................................42 8.11 Malaysia’s regulatory experiences with regard to GM mosquitoes, Vilasini Pillai ......................................45 8.12 Thoughts on relationships with host communities for caged and open field release trials, James Lavery ...........................................................................................................................................................................................46 8.13 The importance of social research for public engagement in bio-control releases : The case of the Eliminate Dengue project, Darlene McNaughton ........................................................................48 8.14 Introduction to the ethical, legal and social implications for the potential use of the genetically modified mosquitoes, Samba Diop ..................................................................................................50 8.15 Introduction to development of internationally acceptable guidance principles for testing and deployment of GM mosquitoes,