Pharmacogn Rev. 2020;14(27):22-27 A multifaceted peer reviewed journal in the field of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Review Article www.phcogrev.com | www.phcog.net Citrullus colocynthis an Important Plant in Indian Traditional System of Medicine Manish Kapoor1, Navneet Kaur1*, Chanchal Sharma1, Gurdeep Kaur1, Rupinder Kaur2, Kajal Batra1 and Jyoti Rani1 ABSTRACT Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, commonly known as Colocynth, a member of Cucurbitaceae is native to Mediterranean region and Asia. It is a wild, perennial, herbaceous, non-tough, harsh, angular vine with lobular tendrils, alternate leaves and small yellow monoecious flowers. Recently, various researches have been done to assess restorative capability of the plant. It contains various phytochemical constituents such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, proteins, saponins and steroids along many pharmacological properties viz. diuretic, hypolipidemic, anti-cancerous, antioxidant, anti-microbial. This work is an endeavor to assemble and explore the various phytochemical and pharmacological properties announced till date. Key words: Citrullus colocynthis, Colocynth, Cucurbitacins, Pharmacological activities, Vine of Sodom. Manish Kapoor1, Navneet INTRODUCTION 1 1 Kaur *, Chanchal Sharma , Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, a valuable plant to a large number of species driving vegetation 1 Gurdeep Kaur , Rupinder commonly known as Colocynth is member from richness. That is the only reason, India is additionally 2 1 Kaur , Kajal Batra and Cucurbitaceae, reported among all parched, arid called as the hub of wild medicinal plants. In Indian 1 Jyoti Rani zones of world[1] however it is native to Mediterranean traditional medicinal framework namely; Ayurvedic, [2] Siddha and Unani maximum number of medications 1 region and Asia. Geographically it is distributed in Department of Botany, Punjabi are retrieved from plant species to cure ailments University, Patiala-147002 Punjab, deserts of North Africa, South Europe and whole of INDIA. Asia,[3-6] extended up to Egypt.[3] In India, this drought from ancestral period of time to nowadays and have [17] 2Department of Biotechnology, D A tolerant plant species is usually dispersed among all been exploited expeditiously in the market as well. V College, Amritsar-143006 Punjab, hot arid areas.[1] It is the most commonly utilized Ethnic groups of specific terrains, have their very own INDIA. plant in Indian traditional medicinal framework and cultures, food habits, customs, sacraments and so on easily propagated by vegetative and generative modes where plants play considerable role. Such inhabitants Correspondence of reproduction in summers.[7] Local people use it have rich knowledge on customary remedial plants [18] Navneet Kaur, to fix disorders like Boils, Pimples, Constipation, which can be used to fix different infirmities. [8] India ranks second after china in providing 80% of Department of Botany, Punjabi Inflammation of joints. To reduce the glucose [19] University, Patiala-147002 Punjab, INDIA. level,[9] joints aggravations, rheumatism, abdomen crude materials of restorative plant. The worldwide [10,11] production of medicinal plants, which amount to Phone no : +91-9417057589 enlargement Citrullus is being used. Plant species 1150 million USD in the year 2000 is foreseen to E-mail: [email protected], is additionally used to cure Urticaria, constipation, [12,13] be of 5 trillion USD mark before 2050. The trade [email protected] snake poison, stomach ache, Hepatitis Malaria, [14] of medicinal plants in India has been evaluated to History Epilepsy and Bowel grievances. Since all plant be US$ 1 billion every year. It is assessed that the • Submission Date: 30-01-2020; parts puts practically equivalent endeavors to the Indian export of the medicinal plants has doubled • Review completed: 21-02-2020; traditional medicinal system here is a survey of review • Accepted Date: 19-03-2020. from 2010 to 2014.[20] Several evidences showed that giving updated information about phytochemical in Indian subcontinent medical intercessions are and therapeutic properties of plant. DOI : 10.5530/phrev.2020.14.4 being practiced since the time of 7000 BC. Archaeo- Article Available online HISTORY botanical excavations directed the proof regarding http://www.phcogrev.com/v14/i27 the use of medicinal plants in the Middle Gangetic A colossal role of plant in man’s life have been region of India and are still found in Ayurveda folk Copyright reported from ancient to present world.[15] Nearly medicine. In the Indian medicinal systems namely; © 2020 Phcog.Net. This is an open- access article distributed under the terms 80% of word population rely on natural medicinal Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, the herbal medicines have [16] of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 system for basic medical issues. Diverse their eminent place. Ayurveda, is considered as the International license. environmental conditions, physical factors and most established medicinal system mentioned in interesting geographic regions construct incredibly the four Vedas written in 500-1000 BC old Indian remarkable eco-systems, giving appropriate habitats literature.[21] The Domestic trade of Ayurveda, Unani Cite this article: Kapoor M, Kaur N, Sharma C, Kaur G, Kaur R, Batra K and Rani J. Citrullus colocynthis an Important Plant in Indian Traditional System of Medicine. Pharmacog Rev. 2020;14(27):22-7. 22 Pharmacognosy Reviews, Vol 14, Issue 27, Jan-Jun, 2020 Kapoor, et al.: Citrullus colocynthis an Important Medicinal Plant and Siddha industry is near 80–90 billion rupees with the estimated export value of 110 billion rupees from medicinal plants and their related items from India.[22-24] Early literature shows that South African watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and Linnaeus’ watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.) was the nearest relative or begetter by C. colocynthis[25] yet herbarium test investigations led by[26] along molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that in actual this was not possible. Besides, what was referred to as “Egusi” melon by[27-29] as Colocynthis citrullus L., was wrong inversion of the Latin name. Later on[30] proved that “Egusi” melon is Citrullus mucosospermus a species in the past known as C. lanatus subsp. Mucosospermus[31] supported by morphological, phonetic analyses[32] and genetic studies.[33] Jarret and Newman additionally indicated that C. colocynthis and C. mucosospermus grouped independently using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences.[34] BOTANY Taxonomic classification Kingdom – Plantae Sub kingdom- Tracheobionta Super division- Spermatophyta Division - Magnoliophyta Class - Magnoliopsida Sub- class - Dilleniidae Order - Cucurbitales Family - Cucurbitaceae Genus – Citrullus Figure 1: Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad, A-B: Flowers; C-D: Fruits. Species epithet- Colocynthis (L.) Schrad Nutritional Value Vernacular Names of the plant in various languages and countries have been listed in Table 1. Palmitic and Stearic acids are the main principle fatty acids found with concentrations ranging from 8.1-17.3% and 6.1-10.5% respectively. High Synonyms content of essential monounsaturated fat linoleic acid i.e. 50.6–60.1 % in the oil of seed, acts as principle component for the restorative activities. Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad. Fat profile of unsaturated fatty acids exposes that the class of linoleic- Cucumis colocynthis L. (basionym) oleic acid bear a close resemblance to few other vegetable oils. So, it Citrullus pseudocolocynthis M. Roem. is most likely going to have potential uses of cooking like some other Colocynthis officinalis Schrad.[35] cucurbit seed oils.[40] Seeds contain 13.19 g of protein, 18.59 g of fat, 4.91 g of moisture and 2 mg of ash per 100 g. Mineral present in the seeds Taxonomic profile and Morphological Characteristics contain 569 mg of Ca, 465 mg of K, 210 mg of Mg, 30.0 mg of P, 11.9 mg The family comprises of around 118 genera and 825 species, including of Na, 11.6 mg of Fe, 5.1 mg of Cu and 1.1 mg of Zn.[41] both cultivated and wild members[36] divided into two subfamilies; Ethnobotanical importance Zanonioideae (19 genera and 60 species) and Cucurbitoideae (111 genera and 740 species).[37] They are the excellent sources of secondary Most of the tribal areas and rural communities use entire plant but seeds [42] [43] [8] metabolites like Cucurbitacins, triterpenoids, imparting bitter flavor are used to cure Bowel complaints Blackness of grey hair and; [44] [45] [10] to the family and furthermore act as an attractant of pollinators like Malaria. Fruits are used to reduce stomach ache Dropsy, timely and easy delivery[46] Hepatitis,[12] Snake poison.[13] Roots are applied in Diabrotica.[38] C. colocynthis is wild, perennial, herbaceous, non-tough, the form of paste to enlarge the abdomen and to cure Rheumatism.[11,13] harsh, angular vine with lobular tendrils and is well adapted to the arid More knowledge about ethnobotanical importance of the various plant climatic conditions. Leaves are alternate, rough, hirsute with upper green parts has been enlisted in Table 2. and lower pale coloured surface with long petioles, 5-10 cm in length and 3-7 profound lobes. Flowers are monoecious (having subcompanulated Phytochemical studies five lobed, corolla and five parted calyx) solitary, yellow. Calyx of female Various important chemical constituents are elucidated from entire plant flower is larger than that of male flower. Each plant contains 15 to 30 (root, stem, leaves, fruit and seeds) are