113 12 KHITA AND KHITA- PERUVIAN EPOCH K HI TA HA MA T H H I TT I T E C A NAA N I T E , , , , V E N ET RU S CA N P ERU I A N M X I CA ETC . , , , H Y D E C L A R K E Vice-P resident of tlze A n t/tropo logical Institute H o no rary M ember of tlze A nt/t ro o lo ical Ins i u e N ew Yo rk Co rres o ndin M ember Etlmo ra hic S ocie p g t t t , ; p g of g p ty P aris A merican Orien al S ociet S ocie e des A mericaniste: M ember /he of , t y, t oft S ocie Co ns an ino le Fello w o tlie Ro al S ocie o N o r hern ty, t t p f y ty f t Co rrespo nding M ember oftine S o cie ty ofEngineers of - Viemca Vice P residen Me S o cie o A rts etc. t of ty f , L O N D O N D E . TR BNER CO . AN U EC U , 5 7 59 L DGAT H ILL, 18 77 . E P R E F A C . I THE following pages consist chiefly of a memoir re ad before h l o f t e Roya Historical Society, for the purpose giving a o f o n fo r brie f sketch the work carried by myself and others, f o f e e e the investigation o a great epoch culture, which pr c d d the the Assyrian , the Semitic , and Greek, and which, accord in to e g my views, extended to America, and closed the p riod the N e w o fancient intercourse between Old World and the . f This essay will be found very imperfect and ragmentary, o f for it cannot deal with the whole a subject so wide, and it o n o f cannot give exact information new and obscure epochs, which little is known, to which investigation is newly directed , and where the results present but a small relation to what remains to be discovered . Indeed, my chief object is to direct o f to s the attention scholars as much as of the public, the e fields of research . a all o f It will be noticed th t kinds names have been used , r shifted , and changed, and this must necessa ily be the case ne fo r what is w and undeterminate . Akkad and Sumerian are e as yet conflicting t rms, and some most distinguished S emitic scholars deny that there is any Akkad language of a Turan f as ian class . Shi ting my ground circumstances suggest and e I e p rmit , have adopted the t rm Khita, from Dr Birch, but I give it a much wider application . ee o f - Ind d , the topics these pages constitute the battle fields o f s I x scholars , Akkad, Etru can , Hamath , etc . have e tended the ground of controversy by bringing America into connection h the a e s If wit cl ssic r gion . , however, so much controversy iff e e o f i and so much d er nc op nion exist, nevertheless the e s are rea solid r sult g t. The discovery and determination o f a s e an era s Akk d con titut in cholarship. The explorations of Dr Schliemann in the Troad and Mycenae yield us material f. The e e o f Deec ke proo s n w st researches Dr of Strasburg, as to the d erivation o fthe Cypriote and Phoenician characters f the s a f o f n rom As yri n cunei orm , give us facts importa ce, and, as in all s ase new fo r uch c s, means further inquiries. It is such progress which encourages us to persevere in the de c i herme nt o fE sca p tru n , Hamath , and Maya. vi PREFACE. e h o ne My own part in th se labours, althoug a busy , has e has o f x e e b en humble ; it been the task an e plor r, laying op n fo r e I ground oth rs . Although have laboured hard on many I fto the e e points, yet if had limited mysel complet lucidation o f o ne e any , th re would have been no one to carry out my o f e e work a general exploration . In this course th re is ampl e e e e the e e o f encourag ment to p rs vere, becaus d tail d labours e D eecke h e others, as those of Dr Schli mann and Dr , av con e firmed my preliminary investigations . Thus encourag ment me e e o f is given to persev re in thos portions the inquiry, the the o f more particularly the American, in which sanction scholars has not yet been accorded to me . o f e e Much of what is here given has, course, be n print d by e e e me before, because the subj ect is progr ssiv , and b cause it is f e e only in this way in ormation can be accumulated . Th r is, n e o f nevertheless, eve in the books and pap rs, portions which e e e ef the are here r p at d , much us ul to inquirers, for tracing e e o f o f d v lopment the study, and the names are given some few of my memoirs o n the subject m E esus. S a ph ( yrn , A r - - B As a S c et ss o Pseu eso st s. en a t y do S ri ( g l i ic o i y, ’ I h A a M r E h a S et s al n ab tants o f s . t i i ino ( nologic l oci y Journ , 7th March — ’ Pr t Ethn C n t o n o fAs a M n etc . Eth a So et s o o ic o di i i i or, ( nologic l ci y o ur al N vember J n , o O n the Prehisto ric and Pro to -historic Relations o f the Populations fAs a n Eur o i a d ope. h a est ne Ex o rat o n o Note o n t e Hamath Inscriptio ns. (P l i pl i J ur nal , R n a es ne Ex o rat n u a . elations o fCanaanite Exploratio . (P l ti pl io Jo rn l ) P re-Israe te P u a i f Pa est ne Pa est ne Ex o rat o n o ur li op l t ons o l i . ( l i pl i J n l a , m Br ann c fAn ua es On the na e t a. So et o t i i ( i y iq ri , Resear hes Pa est ne and Pr t —h st C m arat ve Ph o c in l i , o o i oric o p i il logy, M th o and Ar ae . Triibner y ol gy, ch ology ( , itbner P e to Names o fW a ns. Tr r his ric e po ( , S va and Ser ent-W sh in As a Afr a and Amerca and the i p or ip i , ic , i , Br L n ua Trii n r b a e. b e i ri g g ( , YD CL RKE H E A . RE LON DON W 2 ST EO RG E S UA S . 3 G Q , , ‘ une 18 . _7 77 C O N T E N T S . n o f anaan Ham av lah C h Origi C , , H i , us , sto o f tt te Hi ry Hi i s, amath o r Kh ta n c t o n H i I s rip i s, C o m a o n with m ar t 8 C o te Wa a l anian l p ris Hi y i ic, ; ypri , 9 ; rk , A b , o ; t an 1 I L an 12 e ew 1 E rusc , iby , ; H br , 4, — Origin o f the Alphabet and Syllabary Square Magic Prehisto ric S m o l 16 y b s, , anaan te o lat o n— o h and at o n o f— Per C i P pu i Ep c Migr i u, a Lan a e—Su er an— eo ian 2 0 2 Akk d gu g m i G rg , , 3, t can— a le o f tr an eo an er ian E rus T b s E usc , G rgi , P uv , eo r an Relat o n o f— h a 2 G gi , i s Quic u , 4, e at e Serie — Red Eve 2 6 N g iv s , , , Kh ta- e an rat o n— n o - h na— Cam o a— n a i P ruvi Mig i I d C i b di I di , — — — Afiinities o f mer an ramma ma a h a Otho mi 2 — Mex A ic G r Ay r Quic u , 3 ico , — o n ments and lt re in Old and N ew Wo l alen a M u Cu u r d C d r, 35 , — To po graphical No menclature Examinatio n o f Table o f To wn Names o f anaan a no eece tal and S a n C , Asi Mi r, Gr , I y, p i , wn ame in me a— at o n 6 a t o n o f n ient Co nn t To N s A ric Migr i , 7 Tr di i s A c ec io n w th mer a 6 i A ic , 9, 66 E X I AP P N DI .