PROJECTIONS Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2021) Volume 1 Edited by Anastasia Globa University of Sydney Jeroen van Ameijde The Chinese University of Hong Kong Adam Fingrut The Chinese University of Hong Kong Nayeon Kim Yonsei University Sky Lo Tian Tian Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Projections 26th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2021) 29 March – 1 April 2021 School of Architecture The Chinese University of Hong Kong ©2021 All rights reserved and published by The Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA), Hong Kong ISBN: 978-988-78917-5-8 Printed in Hong Kong v Foreword The annual CAADRIA (Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia) conference provides an international community of researchers and practitioners with a venue to exchange, to discuss and to publish their latest ideas and accomplishments. The proceedings have two volumes containing the research papers that were accepted for presentation at the Projections – 26th In- ternational CAADRIA Conference, hosted and organised by the Faculty of Archi- tecture at Chinese University of Hong Kong. The papers are also available online at the open access cumulative database CumInCAD {http://papers.cumin- cad.org}. The proceedings are the outcome of an extensive collaborative effort of a team of volunteers and CAADRIA’s international Academic Review Commit- tee. Within the context of continued challenges and restrictions imposed by the ongoing world-wide pandemic, our CAADRIA community have shown its resil- ience and strength. Initial calls for papers in July 2020 resulted in a round number of 400 abstract submissions. These abstracts were assessed by the Paper Selection Committee and were a subject to a double-blind peer review performed by a team of 151 international reviewers. 250 papers were invited to proceed to the next stage - the full-length paper submission. Those manuscripts went through another series of double-blind reviews, with two-to-four for each paper. As a result, 152 submissions were accepted and 149 of these were ultimately published in the CAADRIA 2021 proceedings. We congratulate the authors for their accomplish- ment. Next to the authors, the reviewers, who volunteered their valuable time and effort, deserve our sincere thanks and acknowledgements. We thank the Organis- ing Team at The Chinese University of Hong Kong for hosting the 26th Interna- tional CAADRIA Conference online. We extend our special thanks to the ProceeDings team, and in particular Ga- briel Wurzer, for his support with customizing the submission and review system to the needs of CAADRIA from the full-paper submission to the production stage. On the following pages, we acknowledge and thank those who contributed to the production of this volume. In closing, we sincerely thank the CAADRIA commu- nity for offering us the honour to serve as members of the paper selection com- mittee for Projections, the 26th International CAADRIA Conference 2021. Anastasia Globa University of Sydney (Chair) Jeroen van Ameijde The Chinese University of Hong Kong Adam Fingrut The Chinese University of Hong Kong Nayeon Kim Yonsei University Sky Lo Tian Tian Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) vi CAADRIA 2021 Theme: ‘Projections’ In a time of unprecedented global challenges, the need for researchers and de- signers to reflect on our changing society has rarely been more obvious. As the pandemic highlights the precariousness of our fragile climate, limited resources and unequitable urban areas, there is a new mandate for research and innovation, searching for new technology-enabled processes that positively impact our pro- fession, communities, and planet. The advancement and adoption of new technologies in all aspects of our soci- ety have started to profoundly change the nature of architectural design and ma- terialisation processes, bridging between the digital and the physical worlds. Fluid communication allows for unprecedented new levels of complexity, control and feedback between design and the built environment. Large quantities of infor- mation allow us to forecast how architectural and urban structures perform over time, against a detailed understanding of their contexts. ‘Projections’ focuses on the implementation of our work, asking us to reflect upon the different ways innovation will impact the future of our industry. We will invite conversations and debate around the status of computational research and design, reflecting on recent challenges and opportunities, and how these translate into futures that are different from what was previously predicted. As we assess our projects within the context of our shared realities, we position our work as prototypes for alternative futures in our collective field. The 2021 annual conference for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Re- search in Asia (CAADRIA), will bring together academics, researchers and prac- titioners involved in innovating, disrupting or revolutionising processes for the conceptualisation, evaluation and materialisation of the built environment. By in- viting participants from universities and practices throughout Asia, we aim to cre- ate a platform for shared moments of inspiration, reflection, and projection. Conference Organisers & Hosts, Kristof Crolla The University of Hong Kong Adam Fingrut The Chinese University of Hong Kong Jeroen van Ameijde The Chinese University of Hong Kong {https://caadria2021.org} vii About CAADRIA The Association for Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA) promotes teaching and research in CAAD in the larger Austral- Asian and Pacific region supported by a global membership. CAADRIA was founded in 1996 with the following objectives: ● To facilitate the dissemination of information about CAAD among Asian schools of architecture, planning, engineering, and building sciences. ● To encourage the exchange of staff, students, experience, courseware, and software among schools. ● To identify research and develop needs in CAAD education and to initiate collaboration to satisfy them. ● To promote research and teaching in CAAD that enhances creativity rather than production. CAADRIA organizes among others an annual conference, the first of which was held in 1996 in Hong Kong. Since then, 25 conferences have been held in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Sin- gapore, Taiwan, and Thailand. The annual CAADRIA conferences provide an opportunity to meet, to learn about the latest research, and to continue the dis- course in the field. The 26th conference, in 2021, is held at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. CAADRIA 2021 is held as a virtual conference for the second time in the history of the Association to bring together researchers, practitioners and schools of the pacific region even at a time of continued global Covid-19 related travel restrictions. CAADRIA is one of the four founding organizations of the International Jour- nal of Architectural Computing (IJAC), and typically co-edits one issue each year. IJAC is published by SAGE in both paper and electronic versions. Christiane M. Herr President, CAADRIA viii CAADRIA Officers President: Christiane M. Herr Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China Secretary: Urvi Sheth CEPT University, India Treasurer: Hyoung-June Park University of Hawaii, USA Membership Officer: Immanuel Koh Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore Web Master: Kyung Hoon Hyun Hanyang University, Korea Administrative Officer: Marc Aurel Schnabel Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand CAADRIA 2021 Conference Committees Hosting Institution: The Chinese University of Hong Kong Organising Committee: Kristof Crolla The University of Hong Kong Conference Co-Chair Adam Fingrut The Chinese University of Hong Kong Conference Co-Chair Jeroen van Ameijde The Chinese University of Hong Kong Conference Co-Chair Donn Holohan The University of Hong Kong Workshop Coordinator Hoi Lam Melody The Chinese University of Hong Kong Tour Coordinator Garvin Goepel The Chinese University of Hong Kong Technical Coordinator Lidia Ratoi The University of Hong Kong Exhibition Coordinator ix Paper Selection Committee: Anastasia Globa University of Sydney Chair Jeroen van Ameijde The Chinese University of Hong Kong Adam Fingrut The Chinese University of Hong Kong Nayeon Kim Yonsei University Sky Lo Tian Tian Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) Post Graduate Students Consortium: Dagmar Reinhardt Co-Chair Sky Lo Tian Tian Co-Chair Christiane M. Herr Sasada Prize Committee: Tom Kvan Chair Christiane M. Herr Atsuko Karga Young CAADRIA Award Committee: Sky Lo Tian Tian Chair Christiane M. Herr Rudi Stouffs Jeroen van Ameijde x International Review Committee Wael Abdelhameed Kristof Crolla Applied Science University The University of Hong Kong Henri Achten Tatjana Crossley Czech Technical University, Prague The Chinese University of Hong Ayşegül Akçay Kavakoğlu Kong Istanbul Technical University Weiwen Cui Mostafa Alani Tsinghua University Aliraqia University Pierre Cutellic Miktha Farid Alkadri ETH Zurich TU Delft Mohammad Reza Dastmalchi Jeroen van Ameijde University of Missouri The Chinese University of Hong Marie Davidova Kong Welsh School of Architecture Nan Bai Collaborative Collective TU Delft Aurélie de Boissieu Ardavan Bidgoli The University of Liège Carnegie Mellon University Danilo Di Mascio Luis Borunda