UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________May, 23, 2008 I, _________________________________________________________,Marit Schilder hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: Master in: Design It is entitled: 3 D Virtual Fabric and Garment Simulation This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________Jacqueline Burris _______________________________Benjamin Meyer _______________________________Margaret Voelker-Ferrier _______________________________ _______________________________ 3 Dimensional Virtual Fabric and Garment Simulation A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design In the School of Design of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning 2008 by Marit Schilder B.A., ArtEZ Academie voor Beeldende Kunsten Arnhem, The Netherlands, 1995 Thesis Committee: Jacqueline Burris, Chair Benjamin Meyer Margaret Voelker-Ferrier Abstract This thesis explores the possibilities of virtual 3D garment simulation software for fashion design. The available software for simulating virtual clothing can roughly be separated into two groups. The first group of software is focused on animation and used to visualize cloth for games, movies, commercials. The second group is used for the virtual prototyping of garments in the apparel industry. Their main focus is to check a garment for the fit, and the 3D software is an extension on patternmaking software that was already available. Various software applications are explored in this thesis. An overview of functionality and a comparison of pros and cons are identified. Software aimed at the apparel industry is not very flexible in accurately visualizing a garment and especially the fabric of that garment. Through the use of sophisticated fabric design, this thesis shows how to use existing visualization techniques available in Autodesk Maya 8.5 differently to enhance the realism of virtual fabric and garment simulation. [iii] [iv] Table of Contents Abstract Table of Contents List of Figures Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Virtual fabric and garment simulation 1.2 Available software for fabric and garment simulation 1.3 Applications and examples Chapter 2 Garment simulation software used in the apparel industry 2.1 Introduction 2.2 How does it work? Chapter 3 Fabric simulation software used in the entertainment industry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 How does it work? 3.3 Autodesk Maya and Lectra Modaris overview Chapter 4 Important properties for the mechanical simulation of fabric 4.1 Essential basic fabric information 4.2 What attributes of fabric are important for virtual simulation? 4.3 Animatable characteristics and how to apply them in Maya [v] Chapter 5 Shading, texturing and lighting 5.1 Shading and texturing 5.2 Lighting Chapter 6 Examples of 3D fabric simulations in Maya 6.1 Overview 6.2 Five examples Chapter 7 Conclusions and Suggestions 7.1 Conclusions 7.2 Suggestions for further work Bibliography Appendices Endnotes [vi] List of Figures Figure 1.2.1 Overview OptiTex Workflow --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7 Figure 2.1.1 Pattern cutting ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10 Figure 2.2.1 Stitch Error --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13 Figure 2.2.2 Slip-on Point ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 Figure 2.2.3 Fine Tuning -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17 Figure 3.1.1 Fabric Simulation in Maya ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18 Figure 3.2.1 Polygon Mesh with Particles ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 Figure 3.2.2 Shearing, Stretching and Bending controls ------------------------------------------------------------------------19 Figure 3.2.3 Draped Fabric Mesh in Maya ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20 Figure 3.2.4 Garment Modeling Process in Maya -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 Figure 3.2.5 Maya nCloth Presets --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 Figure 3.2.6 Maya nCloth Properties ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24 Figure 3.2.7 Maya nCloth Dynamic Properties ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25 Figure 3.3.1 Autodesk Maya and Lectra Modaris 3D Fit compared ---------------------------------------------------------- 27 Figure 4.1.1 Different Fabrics ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 Figure 4.1.2 Strong vs. Light Beat ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Figure 4.1.3 Plain Weave -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Figure 4.1.4 Twill Weave -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Figure 4.1.5 Satin Weave ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32 Figure 4.1.6 Plain Knit ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33 Figure 5.1.1 Lambert Shader --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------42 Figure 5.1.2 Phong Shader ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42 Figure 5.1.3 Blinn Shader ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Figure 5.1.4 Phong E Shader -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Figure 5.1.5 Anisotropic Shader --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43 Figure 5.1.6 Bump Mapping --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 [vii] Figure 5.1.7 Displacement mapping ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 Figure 5.2.1 Default Lighting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45 Figure 5.2.2 Ambient Lighting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45 Figure 5.2.3 Point Lighting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46 Figure 5.2.4 Directional Lighting --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47 Figure 5.2.5 Spot Lighting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 47 Figure 5.2.6 Area Lighting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 48 Figure 5.2.7 Volume Lighting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 Figure 5.2.8 HDR Image --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 Figure 5.2.9 Realistic Lighting to illuminate synthetic objects ---------------------------------------------------------------- 51 Figure 5.2.10 HDR image surrounding a scene in Maya ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 Figure 5.2.11 Rendered scene with realistic lighting ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52 Figure 6.1.1 Photograph of Knit fabric ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53 Figure 6.1.2 Photograph of SnakeFur fabric ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 Figure 6.1.3 Photograph of SnakeHead fabric -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56 Figure 6.1.4 Photograph of Rose fabric ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54 Figure 6.1.5 Photograph of Layered 3D fabric ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 Figure 6.2.1 Snapshot Start Mesh ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 Figure 6.2.2 Transparency Map ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58 Figure 6.2.3 Rendered Transparency Map -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59 Figure 6.2.4 Bump Map ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------