Macedonian by Victor Friedman © SEELRC 2001 LW/M 117 1 MACEDONIAN Contents Abbreviations................................................................................................................................... 3 0 Sociolinguistic and Geolinguistic Situation ...................................................................... 4 0.1 Geography........................................................................................................................ 4 0.2 Terminology and History ................................................................................................. 4 0.3 Standardization................................................................................................................. 5 0.4 Status................................................................................................................................ 6 0.5 Dialects............................................................................................................................. 6 0.5.1 Major Isoglosses.............................................................................................................. 6 0.5.2 Vocalic Inventories ........................................................................................................... 6 0.5.3 Prosody............................................................................................................................ 7 0.5.4 Morphology ..................................................................................................................... 7 0.6 Number of Speakers.........................................................................................................8 1 Phonology........................................................................................................................ 9 1.1 Orthography..................................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Phonemic Inventory and Phonotactics............................................................................ 10 1.2.1 Vowels............................................................................................................................ 10 1.2.2 Consonants..................................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Prosody.......................................................................................................................... 13 1.3.1 Lexical Exceptions.......................................................................................................... 13 1.3.2 Phrasal Exceptions ......................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Morphophonemic Alternations....................................................................................... 14 1.4.1 Velar with Palatal............................................................................................................ 14 1.4.2 Velar with Dental............................................................................................................ 14 1.4.3 Dental or Velar with Palatal ............................................................................................ 14 1.4.4 Cluster Simplification..................................................................................................... 14 1.4.5 Dissimilation with -c#e..................................................................................................... 15 1.4.6 Progressive Voicing Assimilation................................................................................... 15 1.4.7 Isolated Consonantal Alternations .................................................................................. 15 1.4.8 Vowel~Zero Alernations................................................................................................. 15 1.4.9 Vocalic Alternations........................................................................................................ 16 2 Morphology ...................................................................................................................17 2.1 Nouns............................................................................................................................. 17 2.1.1 Gender............................................................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Number .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3 Definiteness.................................................................................................................... 20 2.1.4 Case................................................................................................................................ 22 2.1.5 Noun Derivation............................................................................................................. 23 2.2 Adjectives ....................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.1 Gender/Number.............................................................................................................. 26 2.2.2 Definiteness.................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3 Gradation........................................................................................................................ 27 2.2.4 Adjective Derivation........................................................................................................ 27 LW/M 117 2 MACEDONIAN 2.3 Pronouns.........................................................................................................................29 2.3.1 Personal ..........................................................................................................................29 2.3.2 Possessive.......................................................................................................................29 2.3.3 Deictic.............................................................................................................................29 2.3.4 Interrogative ....................................................................................................................29 2.3.5 Totalizing ........................................................................................................................30 2.4 Numerals.........................................................................................................................31 2.4.1 Cardinal (non-virile)........................................................................................................31 2.4.2 Virile ...............................................................................................................................31 2.4.3 Definiteness ....................................................................................................................31 2.4.4 Ordinals ..........................................................................................................................32 2.5 Verbs...............................................................................................................................33 2.5.1 Inflection.........................................................................................................................33 2.5.2 Verbal Categories............................................................................................................39 2.5.3 Verb Derivation...............................................................................................................45 2.6 Adverbs...........................................................................................................................47 2.7 Prepositions ....................................................................................................................48 3 Syntax.............................................................................................................................49 3.1 Element Order in Declarative Sentences..........................................................................50 3.2 Nondeclarative Sentence Types.......................................................................................54 3.3 Copular and Existential Sentences...................................................................................56 3.4 Coordination and Comitativity.........................................................................................57 3.5 Subordination..................................................................................................................58 3.6 Negation..........................................................................................................................61 3.7 Anaphora and Pronouns..................................................................................................63 3.8 Reflexives and Reciprocals..............................................................................................64 3.9 Possession ......................................................................................................................68 3.10 Quantification..................................................................................................................68 Texts ........................................................................................................................................70