MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Multilingualism in a modern society and the impact on the translation industry: the situation in Wales“ verfasst von / submitted by Simone Hochhauser, BA angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 070 331 342 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Masterstudium Translation Deutsch Englisch degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Budin Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Literature review and theoretical framework ...................................................................... 10 1.1. Translation and interpretation ...................................................................................... 10 1.2. Language, dialect, vernacular ...................................................................................... 11 1.3. “Officiality” of language .............................................................................................. 13 1.4. Minority languages....................................................................................................... 16 1.5. Language contact and conflict ..................................................................................... 18 1.6. Language shift, decline and revitalization ................................................................... 19 1.7. Language policy, language planning............................................................................ 23 1.8. Linguistic landscaping ................................................................................................. 27 1.9. Mono-, bi-, multilingualism and diglossia ................................................................... 28 2. Multilingual Wales .............................................................................................................. 32 2.1. Historical background of the Welsh language up to the 20th century ......................... 32 2.2. State of the Welsh language in the 20th and 21st century ........................................... 37 3. Factors that contributed to the development of the translation industry in Wales .............. 41 3.1. Politics .......................................................................................................................... 41 3.1.1. Primary legislation, Acts and Measures ........................................................... 41 3.1.2. National language strategies ............................................................................. 48 3.1.3. Plaid Cymru ...................................................................................................... 55 3.1.4. The Welsh Language Board and Commissioner .............................................. 56 3.1.5. EU and Council of Europe ............................................................................... 57 3.2. Organisations and private initiatives ............................................................................ 58 3.2.1. Activism and events affecting the Welsh-speaking community in the 20th century .............................................................................................................. 59 3.2.2. Tynged yr Iaith: Saunders Lewis’ radio lectures ............................................. 60 3.2.3. Foundation of Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg ................................................... 61 3.2.4. Foundation of Cymdeithas Cyfieithwyr Cymru ............................................... 63 3.2.5. Initiatives to spread and revitalize Welsh ........................................................ 68 3.3. Education...................................................................................................................... 69 3.3.1. Language acquisition in first and secondary education ................................... 70 3.3.2. Professional translation training (in higher education) .................................... 74 3.4. Socio-cultural aspects................................................................................................... 76 3.4.1. Literature .......................................................................................................... 76 3.4.2. Eisteddfod ......................................................................................................... 79 3.4.3. S4C: Sianel Pedwar Cymru .............................................................................. 81 4. Translation-related practices and activities in the 20th and 21st century ........................... 84 4.1. Public sector ................................................................................................................. 85 4.2. Private sector ................................................................................................................ 91 4.3. Translation and technology .......................................................................................... 93 4.4. Terminology management ........................................................................................... 99 4.5. Translation in literature and media ............................................................................ 103 5. Translation in discourse – the image of the translation industry ...................................... 107 6. Empirical study ................................................................................................................. 111 6.1. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 111 6.2. Results and analysis ................................................................................................... 114 6.2.1. Demographic information .............................................................................. 114 6.2.2. Language acquisition and language skills ...................................................... 116 6.2.3. The image of the language ............................................................................. 119 6.2.4. Work as translator .......................................................................................... 124 6.2.5. Translations .................................................................................................... 129 6.2.6. The image of the translation industry and translation .................................... 143 7. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 153 References .............................................................................................................................. 156 Appendix A – Questionnaire ................................................................................................. 188 Appendix B – Abstracts ......................................................................................................... 205 Abstract – English .............................................................................................................. 205 Abstract – Deutsch ............................................................................................................. 206 Table of Figures Figure 1. Four levels of language officiality (based on Ruíz Vieytez) .................................... 15 Figure 2. Haugen’s criteria for standard languages (1966a:933) ............................................. 25 Figure 3. Geographic distribution of Welsh speakers ............................................................ 115 Figure 4. Age of questionnaire participants ........................................................................... 116 Figure 5. Welsh language acquisition by questionnaire participants ..................................... 117 Figure 6. Attitude towards Welsh language acquisition of non-Welsh speaking questionnaire participants ............................................................................................................ 118 Figure 7. Attitude of questionnaire participants towards Welsh language skills and cultural identity ................................................................................................................... 118 Figure 8: Comparative image of the language in selected areas according to questionnaire participants ............................................................................................................ 121 Figure 9: Importance of Welsh language revitalization according to questionnaire participants ............................................................................................................................... 122 Figure 10. Translation and language revitalization according to questionnaire participants 123 Figure 11. Professional qualification of translators participating in the questionnaire ......... 125 Figure 12. Employment status of participating translators .................................................... 126 Figure 13. Contracting bodies of participating translators ..................................................... 127 Figure 14. Translations produced per field by participating translators ................................ 128 Figure 15. Employment